Penalties for Unholiness
Leviticus 20:1-27
Lev.20.1 - Details
Translation
Original Text
Morphology
- וידבר: VERB,qal,impf,3,m,sg
- יהוה: NOUN,prop,m,sg,abs
- אל: NEG
- משה: NOUN,prop,m,sg,abs
- לאמר: INF,qal,infc
Parallels
- Lev.18.1 (structural): Same authorial formula 'וידבר יהוה אל־משה לאמר' introducing a section of legal/ethical injunctions (laws concerning sexual conduct), showing the recurring divine-to-Moses legislative pattern.
- Lev.19.1 (structural): Identical wording 'וידבר יהוה אל־משה לאמר' introducing the Holiness Code's commands—direct parallel in form and function within Leviticus.
- Num.15.1 (structural): Uses the same formula 'וידבר יהוה אל־משה לאמר' to introduce statutory regulations in Numbers, illustrating the standard prophetic-legal speech framework conveyed through Moses.
- Exod.20.1 (thematic): 'וידבר אלהים את כל־הדברים האלה לאמר'—God's direct speech to give foundational laws (Ten Commandments); thematically parallels Lev.20.1 as divine speech that issues binding commandments for the community.
Alternative generated candidates
- And the LORD spoke to Moses, saying:
- And the LORD spoke to Moses, saying:
Lev.20.2 - Details
Translation
Original Text
Morphology
- ואל: CONJ+PREP
- בני: NOUN,m,pl,construct
- ישראל: NOUN,m,sg,abs
- תאמר: VERB,qal,impf,2,m,sg
- איש: NOUN,m,sg,abs
- איש: NOUN,m,sg,abs
- מבני: PREP+NOUN,m,pl,construct
- ישראל: NOUN,m,sg,abs
- ומן: CONJ+PREP
- הגר: NOUN,f,sg,def,prop
- הגר: NOUN,f,sg,def,prop
- בישראל: NOUN,m,sg,abs
- אשר: PRON,rel
- יתן: VERB,qal,imperf,3,m,sg
- מזרעו: PREP+NOUN,m,sg,abs+SUFF,3,m,sg
- למלך: PREP+NOUN,m,sg,abs
- מות: VERB,qal,infabs
- יומת: VERB,niphal,impf,3,m,sg
- עם: PREP
- הארץ: NOUN,f,sg,def
- ירגמהו: VERB,qal,impf,3,m,pl+SUFF,3,m,sg
- באבן: PREP+NOUN,f,sg,abs
Parallels
- Leviticus 18:21 (verbal): Directly prohibits giving children to Molech (’do not give any of your children to offer them to Molech’), closely paralleling the legal command and language of Leviticus 20:2.
- Leviticus 20:3 (structural): Immediate continuation of the same law within the chapter, pronouncing God’s judgment (‘I will set my face against that man… I will cut him off’) on anyone who gives children to Molech.
- Deuteronomy 18:10 (thematic): Pur prohibits child sacrifice—‘There shall not be found…one who makes his son or his daughter pass through the fire’—reiterating the broader Israelite ban on such practices.
- Deuteronomy 12:31 (thematic): Condemns pagan rites including burning sons and daughters to foreign gods and warns Israel not to imitate such abominations, providing the larger cultic context for the Levitical prohibition.
- Jeremiah 32:35 (allusion): Prophetic denunciation of Israel’s past practice of passing children through fire to other gods, citing God’s abhorrence and punishment—reflects later prophetic reuse and interpretation of the Levitical ban.
Alternative generated candidates
- And to the sons of Israel you shall say: Any man from the sons of Israel, and from the resident alien who resides in Israel, who gives any of his offspring to Molech—he shall surely be put to death; the people of the land shall stone him with stones.
- And to the sons of Israel you shall say: Any man from the sons of Israel and from the sojourner who sojourns in Israel who gives of his offspring to Molech shall surely be put to death; the people of the land shall stone him with stones.
Lev.20.3 - Details
Translation
Original Text
Morphology
- ואני: PRON,1,sg
- אתן: VERB,qal,impf,1,sg
- את: PRT,acc
- פני: NOUN,m,sg,cons
- באיש: PREP+NOUN,m,sg
- ההוא: DEM,ms,sg
- והכרתי: CONJ+VERB,qal,impf,1,m,sg
- אתו: PRON,3,m,sg,acc
- מקרב: PREP+NOUN,m,sg,abs
- עמו: PREP+PRON,3,m,sg
- כי: CONJ
- מזרעו: PREP+NOUN,m,sg,abs+3,m,sg
- נתן: VERB,qal,perf,3,m,sg
- למלך: PREP+NOUN,m,sg,abs
- למען: PREP
- טמא: VERB,qal,perf,3,m,sg
- את: PRT,acc
- מקדשי: NOUN,m,pl,cons
- ולחלל: CONJ+VERB,piel,inf
- את: PRT,acc
- שם: ADV
- קדשי: NOUN,m,sg,abs+1,m,sg
Parallels
- Leviticus 20:2 (verbal): Immediate parallel in the same chapter: the same judicial formula — God sets His face against anyone who gives children to Molech and will ‘cut him off’ from among his people.
- Leviticus 18:21 (verbal): Earlier prohibition using similar language forbidding giving offspring to Molech; establishes the legal/ethical ban that 20:3 enforces.
- Deuteronomy 12:31 (thematic): Condemns the burning of children in worship of foreign gods as an abomination, linking child sacrifice with defilement of proper worship of YHWH.
- Jeremiah 32:35 (allusion): Explicit prophetic denunciation of passing children through fire to Molech and divine judgment for profaning the land and God’s name, echoing Lev 20:3’s rationale for punishment.
- Ezekiel 16:20–21 (thematic): Accuses the people of giving their children to be sacrificed (passing them through fire) as a central act of prostitution and defilement that profanes God’s sanctuary and name.
Alternative generated candidates
- And I will set my face against that man, and I will cut him off from the midst of his people, because he has given of his offspring to Molech, to defile my sanctuary and to profane my holy name.
- And I will set my face against that man and will cut him off from among his people, because he has given of his offspring to Molech, to make my sanctuary unclean and to profane my holy name.
Lev.20.4 - Details
Translation
Original Text
Morphology
- ואם: CONJ
- העלם: NOUN,m,sg,def
- יעלימו: VERB,qal,impf,3,m,pl
- עם: PREP
- הארץ: NOUN,f,sg,def
- את: PRT,acc
- עיניהם: NOUN,f,pl,abs+3mp
- מן: PREP
- האיש: NOUN,m,sg,def
- ההוא: DEM,ms,sg
- בתתו: NOUN,f,sg,poss,3ms
- מזרעו: PREP+NOUN,m,sg,poss,3ms
- למלך: PREP+NOUN,m,sg,abs
- לבלתי: PART,neg
- המית: VERB,qal,inf
- אתו: PRON,3,m,sg,acc
Parallels
- Leviticus 20:3 (verbal): Immediate parallel in same legislative section — prescribes that the people of the land must stone anyone who gives offspring to Molech, echoing communal duty and language about punishing the offender.
- Deuteronomy 13:12-18 (structural): Law for purging a town that has worshiped foreign gods; requires investigation and collective execution/destruction — parallels the obligation to root out idolatry and not 'hide the eyes' from communal sin.
- Deuteronomy 17:2-7 (structural): Procedure for dealing with confirmed idolatry by an individual, including bringing the offender outside the camp to stone him — parallels the community's responsibility to enforce capital sanction for covenant violations.
- Numbers 15:30-31 (verbal): Declares that a person who sins defiantly is to be 'cut off' from the people — echoes Leviticus' language of being cut off and the severe consequences connected with willful cultic transgression.
- Ezekiel 8:12–9:6 (thematic): Vision where the elders 'have eyes to see but do not see' and practice abominations, followed by divine command to mark and execute those who persist — parallels the motif of communal blindness to idolatry and ensuing divine judgment when the community fails to act.
Alternative generated candidates
- And if the people of the land should hide their eyes from that man when he gives of his offspring to Molech, so as not to put him to death,
- And if the people of the land should indeed hide their eyes from that man when he gives of his offspring to Molech, so as not to put him to death,
Lev.20.5 - Details
Translation
Original Text
Morphology
- ושמתי: CONJ+VERB,qal,perf,1,_,sg
- אני: PRON,1,sg
- את: PRT,acc
- פני: NOUN,m,sg,cons
- באיש: PREP+NOUN,m,sg
- ההוא: DEM,ms,sg
- ובמשפחתו: CONJ+PREP+NOUN,f,sg,abs+SUF,3,m,sg
- והכרתי: CONJ+VERB,qal,perf,1,_,sg
- אתו: PRON,3,m,sg,acc
- ואת: CONJ
- כל: DET
- הזנים: NOUN,m,pl,def
- אחריו: PREP,3,m,sg
- לזנות: PREP+VERB,qal,inf
- אחרי: PREP
- המלך: NOUN,m,sg,def
- מקרב: PREP+NOUN,m,sg,abs
- עמם: PREP+PRON,3,m,pl
Parallels
- Lev.18.21 (verbal): Earlier legal prohibition against giving children to Molech; closely parallels the subject and wording of Lev 20:5 (forbidding child sacrifice to Molech).
- Deut.12.31 (thematic): Condemns adopting Canaanite child-sacrifice practices and explicitly forbids sacrificing children to pagan gods—the same cultic crime for which God threatens judgment in Lev 20:5.
- Deut.18.10 (verbal): Prohibits anyone 'who makes his son or his daughter pass through the fire'—a verbal parallel to the Molech/child‑sacrifice activity denounced in Lev 20:5.
- Jer.32.35 (quotation): Jeremiah cites the practice of passing children through the fire to Molech and records God's condemnation—an explicit prophetic denunciation that echoes the Levitical law and its promised punishment.
- Ezek.16.20-21 (thematic): Ezekiel denounces the offering of children to Molech as perversion and grounds for divine wrath, thematically reinforcing Lev 20:5’s link between child sacrifice and covenantal judgment.
Alternative generated candidates
- then I myself will set my face against that man and against his family, and I will cut off him and all who follow him in prostituting themselves after Molech, from among their people.
- then I myself will set my face against that man and against his clan, and I will cut off him and all who prostitute themselves after him, to prostitute themselves after Molech, from among their people.
Lev.20.6 - Details
Translation
Original Text
Morphology
- והנפש: NOUN,f,sg,def
- אשר: PRON,rel
- תפנה: VERB,qal,impf,3,f,sg
- אל: NEG
- האבת: NOUN,m,pl,def
- ואל: CONJ+PREP
- הידענים: NOUN,m,pl,def
- לזנות: VERB,qal,inf
- אחריהם: PREP,3,m,pl
- ונתתי: VERB,qal,perf,1,_,sg
- את: PRT,acc
- פני: NOUN,m,sg,cons
- בנפש: PREP+NOUN,f,sg,abs
- ההוא: DEM,ms,sg
- והכרתי: VERB,qal,perf,1,_,sg
- אתו: PRON,3,m,sg,acc
- מקרב: PREP+NOUN,m,sg,abs
- עמו: PREP+PRON,3,m,sg
Parallels
- Deuteronomy 18:10-12 (verbal): Direct legal prohibition against divination, mediums, and necromancy; similar wording and rationale that such practices make one 'detestable' before the LORD and must not be among the people.
- Leviticus 19:31 (verbal): Immediate intra-book parallel forbidding turning to mediums and familiar spirits; nearly identical injunction against consulting them.
- Isaiah 8:19-20 (allusion): Condemns seeking guidance from mediums and necromancers and insists on consulting God's law and testimony instead, echoing the prophetic rejection of spirit consultation.
- 1 Samuel 28:7-20 (thematic): Narrative illustration (Saul and the medium at Endor) of the dangers and spiritual folly of consulting a medium rather than God, showing the real-world consequence of such seeking.
- Exodus 22:18 (thematic): Another legal text opposing witchcraft/sorcery; connects to the broader Pentateuchal concern to eliminate occult practices from the community, sometimes with severe penalties.
Alternative generated candidates
- And the person who turns to the mediums and to the spiritists, to prostitute himself after them, I will set my face against that person and will cut him off from among his people.
- And the person who turns to the mediums and to the spiritists, to prostitute himself after them, I will set my face against that person and will cut him off from among his people.
Lev.20.7 - Details
Translation
Original Text
Morphology
- והתקדשתם: VERB,hitp,perf,2,m,pl
- והייתם: VERB,qal,perf,2,m,pl
- קדשים: NOUN,m,pl,abs
- כי: CONJ
- אני: PRON,1,sg
- יהוה: NOUN,prop,m,sg,abs
- אלהיכם: NOUN,m,pl,abs+PRON,2,m,pl
Parallels
- Leviticus 19:2 (verbal): Directly parallels the command to be holy and the rationale 'for I the LORD your God am holy' (Heb. wording closely matches 'והייתם קדשים כי אני ה׳ אלהיכם').
- Leviticus 11:44-45 (verbal): Earlier formulation of the same theological principle: 'Be holy, for I am holy,' linking holiness of Israel to God's own holiness and calling them to consecration.
- Leviticus 20:26 (structural): Within the same chapter the demand for Israel's separateness and holiness is reiterated ('ואתם תהיו לי'), emphasizing consecration to God as the basis for holiness.
- 1 Peter 1:16 (quotation): New Testament citation of the Levitical command ('Be holy; for I am holy') applied to Christian ethical formation, explicitly quoting the OT holiness summons.
Alternative generated candidates
- Consecrate yourselves and be holy, for I am the LORD your God.
- Consecrate yourselves and be holy, for I am the LORD your God.
Lev.20.8 - Details
Translation
Original Text
Morphology
- ושמרתם: VERB,qal,perf,2,m,pl
- את: PRT,acc
- חקתי: NOUN,f,pl,abs
- ועשיתם: VERB,qal,perf,2,m,pl
- אתם: PRON,2,m,pl
- אני: PRON,1,sg
- יהוה: NOUN,prop,m,sg,abs
- מקדשכם: VERB,qal,ptc,3,m,sg
Parallels
- Exod.31.13 (verbal): Uses the same justificatory formula—keeping God's ordinance/Sabbath is tied to the statement 'I am the LORD that doth sanctify you,' a near-verbatim claim of divine sanctification.
- Lev.22.32 (verbal): Same theological claim—'I am the LORD which hallow you'—in a context warning against profaning God’s name; closely parallels the sanctifying self-identification in Lev 20:8.
- Lev.11.44-45 (structural): Repeats the Levitical exhortation to be holy and to sanctify oneself, giving the same rationale ('for I am the LORD') that undergirds Lev 20:8; part of Leviticus' sustained holiness motif.
- Lev.19.2 (thematic): Explicit command to holiness—'Ye shall be holy: for I the LORD your God am holy'—expresses the same core theme of obedience/sanctification tied to God's own holiness.
Alternative generated candidates
- And you shall keep my statutes and do them; I am the LORD who sanctifies you.
- And you shall keep my statutes and do them; I am the LORD who sanctifies you.
Lev.20.9 - Details
Translation
Original Text
Morphology
- כי: CONJ
- איש: NOUN,m,sg,abs
- איש: NOUN,m,sg,abs
- אשר: PRON,rel
- יקלל: VERB,qal,impf,3,m,sg
- את: PRT,acc
- אביו: NOUN,m,sg,abs+3,m,sg
- ואת: CONJ
- אמו: NOUN,f,sg,abs+PRON,3,m,sg
- מות: VERB,qal,infabs
- יומת: VERB,niphal,impf,3,m,sg
- אביו: NOUN,m,sg,abs+3,m,sg
- ואמו: CONJ+NOUN,f,sg,abs+3,m,sg
- קלל: VERB,qal,perf,3,m,sg
- דמיו: NOUN,m,sg,abs+3,m,sg
- בו: PREP+PRON,3,m,sg
Parallels
- Exodus 21:17 (quotation): Directly repeats the same legal prescription: 'He who curses his father or his mother shall be put to death.' (verbal and legal parallel).
- Deuteronomy 27:16 (verbal): Covenantal restatement: 'Cursed be anyone who dishonors his father or his mother' — echoes the prohibition and its cursing/penal framework.
- Matthew 15:4 (quotation): Jesus cites the command to honor parents and adds the punitive clause — explicitly alluding to the Mosaic law that reviling parents merits death.
- Proverbs 20:20 (thematic): Wisdom tradition warning of dire consequences for cursing parents ('his lamp will be put out in deep darkness') — thematically linked retribution motif.
- Deuteronomy 21:18–21 (structural): Law prescribing capital punishment for a 'stubborn and rebellious son' who disobeys/honors parents — related legal structure enforcing parental authority.
Alternative generated candidates
- For any man who curses his father or his mother shall surely be put to death; his father and his mother he has cursed—his blood is upon him.
- Any man who curses his father or his mother shall surely be put to death; he has cursed his father and his mother—his blood is upon him.
Lev.20.10 - Details
Translation
Original Text
Morphology
- ואיש: NOUN,m,sg,abs
- אשר: PRON,rel
- ינאף: VERB,qal,impf,3,m,sg
- את: PRT,acc
- אשת: NOUN,f,sg,cns
- איש: NOUN,m,sg,abs
- אשר: PRON,rel
- ינאף: VERB,qal,impf,3,m,sg
- את: PRT,acc
- אשת: NOUN,f,sg,cns
- רעהו: NOUN,m,sg,abs+3ms
- מות: VERB,qal,infabs
- יומת: VERB,niphal,impf,3,m,sg
- הנאף: NOUN,m,sg,def
- והנאפת: CONJ+NOUN,f,sg,def
Parallels
- Deuteronomy 22:22 (quotation): Prescribes the same capital penalty when a man is found lying with another man's wife—closely parallels Leviticus wording and penalty for adultery.
- Leviticus 18:20 (verbal): Prohibits sexual relations with a neighbor’s wife; shares the same verbal prohibition within the Holiness Code (same book, related corpus).
- Numbers 5:11-31 (structural): Provides the priestly procedure for cases of suspected adultery (the 'ordeal of jealousy'); addresses adjudication and consequences for marital unfaithfulness within Israelite law.
- John 8:3-11 (thematic): Narrates the crowd bringing an alleged adulteress under the Mosaic penalty; contrasts strict application of the law with Jesus’ offer of mercy and reframing of judgment.
- Matthew 5:27-28 (allusion): Jesus cites the command 'You shall not commit adultery' and expands it to include lustful intent—the passage alludes to the Levitical prohibition and its deeper moral implications.
Alternative generated candidates
- And a man who commits adultery with another man’s wife, who commits adultery with the wife of his neighbor—the adulterer and the adulteress shall surely be put to death.
- And a man who commits adultery with another man’s wife, who commits adultery with the wife of his neighbor—the adulterer and the adulteress shall surely be put to death.
Lev.20.11 - Details
Translation
Original Text
Morphology
- ואיש: NOUN,m,sg,abs
- אשר: PRON,rel
- ישכב: VERB,qal,impf,3,m,sg
- את: PRT,acc
- אשת: NOUN,f,sg,cns
- אביו: NOUN,m,sg,abs+3,m,sg
- ערות: NOUN,f,sg,cons
- אביו: NOUN,m,sg,abs+3,m,sg
- גלה: VERB,qal,perf,3,m,sg
- מות: VERB,qal,infabs
- יומתו: VERB,nip,impf,3,m,sg
- שניהם: PRON,3,m,pl
- דמיהם: NOUN,m,sg,abs+PRON,3,m,pl
- בם: PREP+PRON,3,m,pl
Parallels
- Lev.18.8 (quotation): Direct repetition of the prohibition language — 'do not uncover the nakedness of your father's wife' — establishing the same incest taboo.
- Deut.27.20 (quotation): Covenantal curse formula that restates the prohibition ("Cursed is he who lies with his father's wife"), echoing Leviticus' interdiction and sanction.
- Gen.35.22 (thematic): Narrative example of a son lying with his father's concubine (Reuben and Bilhah), illustrating the same prohibited sexual relation and its social consequences.
- 1 Cor.5.1 (allusion): Paul cites a case of a man 'having his father's wife' as scandalous immorality, echoing the Levitical prohibition while addressing communal discipline in the church.
- Lev.20.12 (structural): Closely related law in the same chapter prescribing the death penalty for comparable incestuous relations (e.g., intercourse with a daughter-in-law), showing consistent legal structure and sanctions.
Alternative generated candidates
- And a man who lies with his father’s wife has uncovered his father’s nakedness; both of them shall surely be put to death; their blood is upon them.
- And a man who lies with his father’s wife has uncovered his father’s nakedness; both of them shall surely be put to death; their blood is upon them.
Lev.20.12 - Details
Translation
Original Text
Morphology
- ואיש: NOUN,m,sg,abs
- אשר: PRON,rel
- ישכב: VERB,qal,impf,3,m,sg
- את: PRT,acc
- כלתו: NOUN,f,sg,abs+PRON,3,m,sg
- מות: VERB,qal,infabs
- יומתו: VERB,nip,impf,3,m,sg
- שניהם: PRON,3,m,pl
- תבל: NOUN,f,sg,abs
- עשו: VERB,qal,perf,3,m,pl
- דמיהם: NOUN,m,sg,abs+3,pl
- בם: PREP+PRON,3,m,pl
Parallels
- Leviticus 18:15 (verbal): Directly related prohibition: "You shall not uncover the nakedness of your daughter-in-law" — same sexual-prohibition language as Lev 20:12 (the earlier hortatory law-formulation).
- Leviticus 20:11 (verbal): Closely parallel legal formula in the same chapter: incest with a father’s wife requires death; shares the same penalty language and cultic/ethical rationale (covering of nakedness/perversion).
- Genesis 38:24–26 (thematic): Narrative instance involving a daughter‑in‑law (Tamar and Judah). The episode reflects the social/legal expectations and the severe reaction to perceived illicit relations, illustrating the law’s social context and sanction.
- 1 Corinthians 5:1 (allusion): Paul condemns an instance of incest in the Corinthian church (a man sleeping with his father's wife) and invokes stern communal/ethical sanction — a New Testament echo of the OT prohibitions and penalties for incestuous relations.
Alternative generated candidates
- And a man who lies with his daughter-in-law—both of them shall surely be put to death; they have done a perversion; their blood is upon them.
- And a man who lies with his daughter-in-law—both of them shall surely be put to death; they have committed perversion; their blood is upon them.
Lev.20.13 - Details
Translation
Original Text
Morphology
- ואיש: NOUN,m,sg,abs
- אשר: PRON,rel
- ישכב: VERB,qal,impf,3,m,sg
- את: PRT,acc
- זכר: NOUN,m,sg,abs
- משכבי: NOUN,m,pl,cons
- אשה: NOUN,f,sg,abs
- תועבה: NOUN,f,sg,abs
- עשו: VERB,qal,perf,3,m,pl
- שניהם: PRON,3,m,pl
- מות: VERB,qal,infabs
- יומתו: VERB,nip,impf,3,m,sg
- דמיהם: NOUN,m,sg,abs+PRON,3,m,pl
- בם: PREP+PRON,3,m,pl
Parallels
- Lev.18.22 (quotation): Nearly identical prohibition earlier in the Holiness Code: 'You shall not lie with a male as with a woman; it is an abomination.' Lev 20:13 repeats and adds the prescribed penalty.
- Gen.19:4-11 (thematic): The attempted sexual violence by the men of Sodom toward Lot's male guests is often read as a narrative parallel illustrating same-sex desire and its social/religious condemnation in the Pentateuchal context.
- Rom.1:26-27 (thematic): Paul characterizes same-sex relations as dishonorable passions and unnatural relations; this New Testament passage echoes theological/moral judgment found in Leviticus rather than citing it directly.
- 1 Cor.6:9-10 (verbal): Paul's list of those who will not inherit God's kingdom includes terms often translated as referring to men who practice same-sex intercourse (e.g., 'malakoi,' 'arsenokoitai'), providing a New Testament ethical parallel to Leviticus' prohibition.
Alternative generated candidates
- And a man who lies with a male as one lies with a woman—both of them have done an abomination; they shall surely be put to death; their blood is upon them.
- And a man who lies with a male as one lies with a woman—both of them have done an abomination; they shall surely be put to death; their blood is upon them.
Lev.20.14 - Details
Translation
Original Text
Morphology
- ואיש: NOUN,m,sg,abs
- אשר: PRON,rel
- יקח: VERB,qal,imperfect,3,m,sg
- את: PRT,acc
- אשה: NOUN,f,sg,abs
- ואת: CONJ
- אמה: NOUN,f,sg,abs
- זמה: NOUN,f,sg,abs
- הוא: PRON,3,m,sg
- באש: PREP+NOUN,f,sg,abs
- ישרפו: VERB,qal,impf,3,m,pl
- אתו: PRON,3,m,sg,acc
- ואתהן: CONJ+PRON,3,f,pl
- ולא: CONJ
- תהיה: VERB,qal,imperfect,3,f,sg
- זמה: NOUN,f,sg,abs
- בתוככם: PREP+NOUN,m,sg,abs+PRON,2,m,pl
Parallels
- Lev.18:17 (verbal): Direct parallel prohibition in the sexual code: forbids intercourse with a woman and her daughter (mother–daughter sexual pairing) — Lev.20:14 repeats and penalizes the same offense.
- Lev.20:11-12 (structural): Immediate context in the same chapter: other close‑kin sexual prohibitions and their death‑penalties (e.g., relations with a father’s wife, with a daughter‑in‑law), showing the chapter’s pattern of offenses and sanctions.
- 1 Corinthians 5:1 (thematic): Paul confronts a case of incest ('a man has his father's wife') and calls for disciplinary action — a New Testament analogous treatment of prohibited family sexual relations and communal sanction.
- 2 Samuel 13:1-22 (thematic): Narrative example of sexual violation within a family (Amnon and Tamar) that illustrates the social and moral consequences of illicit sexual relations among kin, thematically related to Leviticus’ prohibitions.
Alternative generated candidates
- And a man who takes a woman and her mother—it is depravity; they shall burn him and them with fire, so that depravity be not in your midst.
- And a man who takes a woman and her mother—it is depravity; they shall burn him and them with fire, that there be no depravity in your midst.
Lev.20.15 - Details
Translation
Original Text
Morphology
- ואיש: NOUN,m,sg,abs
- אשר: PRON,rel
- יתן: VERB,qal,imperf,3,m,sg
- שכבתו: NOUN,f,sg,abs+PRON,3,m,sg
- בבהמה: PREP+NOUN,f,sg,abs
- מות: VERB,qal,infabs
- יומת: VERB,niphal,impf,3,m,sg
- ואת: CONJ
- הבהמה: NOUN,f,sg,def
- תהרגו: VERB,qal,impf,2,m,pl
Parallels
- Exodus 22:19 (verbal): Directly parallels the same prohibition and penalty language—'whoever lies with a beast shall be put to death' (same legal command repeated).
- Leviticus 18:23 (verbal): Earlier law prohibiting sexual intercourse with an animal; Lev.20:15 restates the prohibition here with specified punishment.
- Leviticus 20:16 (structural): Immediate parallel within the same chapter prescribing the same death-penalty for a woman who lies with an animal (complements 20:15).
- Deuteronomy 27:21 (thematic): A covenant-cursing formulation that condemns intercourse with animals—reflects the same social/religious abhorrence and legal consequence in a different legal context.
Alternative generated candidates
- And a man who has intercourse with an animal shall surely be put to death, and you shall kill the animal.
- And a man who gives his emission to an animal shall surely be put to death, and you shall kill the animal.
Lev.20.16 - Details
Translation
Original Text
Morphology
- ואשה: CONJ+NOUN,f,sg,abs
- אשר: PRON,rel
- תקרב: VERB,qal,imperfect,2,m,sg
- אל: NEG
- כל: DET
- בהמה: NOUN,f,sg,abs
- לרבעה: PREP+NOUN,f,sg,abs
- אתה: PRON,2,m,sg
- והרגת: VERB,qal,perf,2,m,sg
- את: PRT,acc
- האשה: NOUN,f,sg,def
- ואת: CONJ
- הבהמה: NOUN,f,sg,def
- מות: VERB,qal,infabs
- יומתו: VERB,nip,impf,3,m,sg
- דמיהם: NOUN,m,sg,abs+3mp
- בם: PREP+PRON,3,m,pl
Parallels
- Leviticus 20:15 (verbal): Direct parallel within the same chapter prescribing death for a man who has sexual intercourse with an animal and ordering the beast to be killed — the male counterpart to 20:16.
- Exodus 22:19 (verbal): Earlier Mosaic law stating that whoever lies with an animal shall be put to death; closely echoes the criminal sanction found in Leviticus 20:16.
- Leviticus 18:23 (thematic): Prohibits sexual relations with animals as an abomination/defilement; provides the normative moral prohibition that underlies the criminal penalty in 20:16.
- 1 Corinthians 6:9–10 (allusion): New Testament list of sinful behaviors often read to include bestiality (various translations/readings); reflects continuing condemnation of sexual intercourse with animals in later Jewish–Christian moral teaching.
Alternative generated candidates
- And a woman who approaches any animal to mate with it—you shall kill the woman and the animal; they shall surely be put to death; their blood is upon them.
- And a woman who approaches any animal to mate with it—you shall kill the woman and the animal; they shall surely be put to death; their blood is upon them.
Lev.20.17 - Details
Translation
Original Text
Morphology
- ואיש: NOUN,m,sg,abs
- אשר: PRON,rel
- יקח: VERB,qal,imperfect,3,m,sg
- את: PRT,acc
- אחתו: NOUN,f,sg,cons,3,m
- בת: NOUN,f,sg,cs
- אביו: NOUN,m,sg,abs+3,m,sg
- או: CONJ
- בת: NOUN,f,sg,cs
- אמו: NOUN,f,sg,abs+PRON,3,m,sg
- וראה: VERB,qal,imp,2,m,sg
- את: PRT,acc
- ערותה: NOUN,f,sg,suff
- והיא: CONJ+PRON,3,f,sg
- תראה: VERB,qal,impf,2,m,sg
- את: PRT,acc
- ערותו: NOUN,m,sg,abs+3ms
- חסד: NOUN,m,sg,abs
- הוא: PRON,3,m,sg
- ונכרתו: VERB,niphal,perf,3,pl
- לעיני: PREP+NOUN,f,pl,cons
- בני: NOUN,m,pl,construct
- עמם: PREP+PRON,3,m,pl
- ערות: NOUN,f,sg,cons
- אחתו: NOUN,f,sg,cons,3,m
- גלה: VERB,qal,perf,3,m,sg
- עונו: NOUN,m,sg,abs+PRON,3,m,sg
- ישא: VERB,qal,impf,3,m,sg
Parallels
- Lev.18.9 (verbal): Direct verbal parallel: the same prohibition not to "uncover the nakedness" of a father's or mother's daughter (daughter of one's father or mother) — same technical phrase (עֶרְוָה) and kin categories.
- Lev.18.6-8 (structural): Broader structural parallel: the list of prohibited sexual relations with close kin establishes the same principle (near kin cannot be 'uncovered'), providing the legal framework into which 20:17 fits.
- Lev.20.11-12 (structural): Parallel within the same chapter prescribing sexual prohibitions and the same sanction language (being cut off/נכרתו) — 20:17 echoes the punitive and cultic consequences laid out in adjacent laws.
- 1 Cor.5:1-5 (thematic): New Testament parallel on incest and communal discipline: Paul's command to remove a man committing incest (sexual relations with a father's wife) parallels the ancient Israelite practice of communal sanction for illicit sexual relations and the notion of corporate responsibility.
Alternative generated candidates
- And a man who takes his sister, his father’s daughter or his mother’s daughter, and he sees her nakedness and she sees his nakedness—it is a disgrace. They shall be cut off in the sight of the sons of their people; he has uncovered his sister’s nakedness; he shall bear his iniquity.
- And a man who takes his sister, his father’s daughter or his mother’s daughter, and sees her nakedness, and she sees his nakedness—it is a disgrace; they shall be cut off in the sight of the sons of their people; he has uncovered his sister’s nakedness; he shall bear his iniquity.
Lev.20.18 - Details
Translation
Original Text
Morphology
- ואיש: NOUN,m,sg,abs
- אשר: PRON,rel
- ישכב: VERB,qal,impf,3,m,sg
- את: PRT,acc
- אשה: NOUN,f,sg,abs
- דוה: NOUN,f,sg,abs
- וגלה: CONJ+VERB,qal,perf,3,m,sg
- את: PRT,acc
- ערותה: NOUN,f,sg,suff
- את: PRT,acc
- מקרה: NOUN,m,sg,abs
- הערה: DEF+NOUN,f,sg,abs
- והיא: CONJ+PRON,3,f,sg
- גלתה: VERB,qal,perf,3,f,sg
- את: PRT,acc
- מקור: NOUN,m,sg,abs
- דמיה: NOUN,m,sg,abs+PRON,3,f,sg
- ונכרתו: VERB,niphal,perf,3,pl
- שניהם: PRON,3,m,pl
- מקרב: PREP+NOUN,m,sg,abs
- עמם: PREP+PRON,3,m,pl
Parallels
- Lev.15:19-24 (verbal): Rules for a woman during her menstrual impurity and the consequences of intercourse while unclean; uses similar language about menstrual discharge and ritual uncleanness.
- Lev.18:19 (verbal): Direct prohibition against approaching a woman to uncover her nakedness in her menstrual impurity; closely echoes the ban in Lev 20:18 within the Holiness Code.
- Lev.15:18 (thematic): Law stating that sexual intercourse causes ritual uncleanness and prescribes cleansing; parallels Lev 20:18's concern with intercourse and bodily discharge as sources of impurity.
- Lev.20:10 (structural): Neighboring penalty provision in the same chapter prescribing severe communal sanction for sexual violations (both parties punished); shows consistent punitive framework for sexual transgressions.
- Deut.23:10-11 (thematic): Rules for removing the ritually unclean from the camp until they are clean (discharges/nocturnal emissions); relates to the broader theme of bodily discharge, impurity, and communal separation.
Alternative generated candidates
- And a man who lies with a woman during her menstrual flow and uncovers her nakedness—he has laid bare her flow, and she has exposed the source of her blood—they shall both be cut off from among their people.
- And a man who lies with a woman during her menstruation and uncovers her nakedness—he has laid bare her flow, and she has uncovered the source of her blood—both of them shall be cut off from among their people.
Lev.20.19 - Details
Translation
Original Text
Morphology
- וערות: CONJ+NOUN,f,sg,construct
- אחות: NOUN,f,sg,abs
- אמך: NOUN,f,sg,abs+PRON,2,m,sg
- ואחות: CONJ+NOUN,f,sg,abs
- אביך: NOUN,m,sg,suff+2ms
- לא: PART_NEG
- תגלה: VERB,qal,impf,2,m,sg
- כי: CONJ
- את: PRT,acc
- שארו: NOUN,m,sg,abs+3ms
- הערה: NOUN,f,sg,def
- עונם: NOUN,m,sg,abs+3mp
- ישאו: VERB,qal,impf,3,m,pl
Parallels
- Lev.18.13 (verbal): Nearly identical prohibition wording forbidding intercourse with one’s mother's sister — Lev 18 lists the same close-kin sexual bans without the penalty language.
- Lev.18.12 (verbal): Parallel prohibition concerning the father's sister; together with 18:13 these verses in chapter 18 provide the legal background repeated in Lev 20:19.
- Lev.18.6 (structural): General principle that one must not approach close kin to uncover nakedness; Lev 18:6 frames the incest prohibitions of which Lev 20:19 is a specific instance.
- 1 Cor.5.1 (thematic): New Testament case condemning incestuous sexual conduct (a man with his father's wife); echoes the Torah’s sexual-prohibition ethic and its social/religious taboo.
Alternative generated candidates
- And the nakedness of your mother’s sister and of your father’s sister you shall not uncover, for one who does so makes bare his near kin; they shall bear their iniquity.
- And the nakedness of your mother’s sister and your father’s sister you shall not uncover, for one lays bare his own close relative; they shall bear their iniquity.
Lev.20.20 - Details
Translation
Original Text
Morphology
- ואיש: NOUN,m,sg,abs
- אשר: PRON,rel
- ישכב: VERB,qal,impf,3,m,sg
- את: PRT,acc
- דדתו: NOUN,f,sg,construct+3,m,sg
- ערות: NOUN,f,sg,cons
- דדו: NOUN,m,sg,abs+3,m,sg
- גלה: VERB,qal,perf,3,m,sg
- חטאם: NOUN,m,sg,abs+3,m,pl
- ישאו: VERB,qal,imperf,3,pl
- ערירים: ADJ,m,pl,abs
- ימתו: VERB,qal,impf,3,m,pl
Parallels
- Leviticus 18:10 (verbal): Directly forbids sexual relations with a son's daughter or daughter's daughter, using the same language of 'uncovering nakedness' that underlies Lev 20:20.
- Leviticus 20:11 (structural): Another verse in the same chapter that applies the same formula ('uncovering nakedness') and the corresponding punitive outcome (they shall be cut off/put to death) to a different incestuous relation.
- Leviticus 18:6 (thematic): Sets the general principle prohibiting approaching close relatives to 'uncover nakedness,' which frames the specific prohibitions and penalties enumerated in Lev 20, including 20:20.
- Deuteronomy 27:20 (allusion): Part of the curses pronounced on the law-code tradition for illicit sexual relations with kin; echoes the ritual-legal condemnation of incest found in Leviticus 20:20.
Alternative generated candidates
- And a man who lies with his aunt has uncovered his uncle’s nakedness; they shall bear their sin; they shall die childless.
- And a man who lies with his aunt has uncovered his uncle’s nakedness; they shall bear their sin; they shall die childless.
Lev.20.21 - Details
Translation
Original Text
Morphology
- ואיש: NOUN,m,sg,abs
- אשר: PRON,rel
- יקח: VERB,qal,imperfect,3,m,sg
- את: PRT,acc
- אשת: NOUN,f,sg,cns
- אחיו: NOUN,3,m,sg,abs
- נדה: NOUN,f,sg,abs
- הוא: PRON,3,m,sg
- ערות: NOUN,f,sg,cons
- אחיו: NOUN,3,m,sg,abs
- גלה: VERB,qal,perf,3,m,sg
- ערירים: ADJ,m,pl
- יהיו: VERB,qal,impf,3,m,pl
Parallels
- Lev.18.16 (quotation): Almost identical prohibition: 'You shall not uncover the nakedness of your brother’s wife'—Lev.20.21 repeats the law found in Lev.18 with a penalty.
- Lev.18.8 (verbal): Uses the same legal idiom 'uncover the nakedness' regarding a close relative's wife (here, 'your father's wife'), showing the recurring formulation for prohibited sexual relations.
- Deut.22.30 (thematic): Prohibits a man from taking his father's wife ('A man shall not take his father's wife'), echoing the broader Torah theme forbidding sexual relations with another man's wife and the language of 'taking' a wife.
- 1 Corinthians 5:1 (allusion): New Testament case of incestuous sexual activity ('a man has his father's wife')—reflects early Jewish-Christian concern with prohibited familial sexual relations and communal discipline for such acts.
Alternative generated candidates
- And a man who takes his brother’s wife—it is impurity; he has uncovered his brother’s nakedness; they shall be childless.
- And a man who takes his brother’s wife—it is impurity; he has uncovered his brother’s nakedness; they shall be childless.
Lev.20.22 - Details
Translation
Original Text
Morphology
- ושמרתם: VERB,qal,perf,2,m,pl
- את: PRT,acc
- כל: DET
- חקתי: NOUN,f,pl,abs
- ואת: CONJ
- כל: DET
- משפטי: NOUN,m,pl,abs
- ועשיתם: VERB,qal,perf,2,m,pl
- אתם: PRON,2,m,pl
- ולא: CONJ
- תקיא: VERB,qal,imperf,3,f,sg
- אתכם: PRT+PRON,2,m,pl
- הארץ: NOUN,f,sg,def
- אשר: PRON,rel
- אני: PRON,1,sg
- מביא: VERB,hiph,ptc,ms,sg
- אתכם: PRT+PRON,2,m,pl
- שמה: ADV
- לשבת: PREP+VERB,qal,inf
- בה: PREP+PRON,3,f,sg
Parallels
- Leviticus 18:4 (verbal): Repeats the command to 'keep my statutes and my ordinances and do them'—a near verbal parallel to the injunction in Lev 20:22.
- Leviticus 18:25 (verbal): Contains the warning that the land 'vomited out its inhabitants' because of their defilement—the same consequence invoked in Lev 20:22.
- Leviticus 20:7-8 (verbal): Immediate chapter parallel: calls for sanctification and observance of God's statutes (’keep my laws and do them’), linking holiness and obedience to divine favor.
- Deuteronomy 4:40 (thematic): Connects obedience to God's statutes with continued life and possession of the land—the broader Deuteronomic theme behind Lev 20:22's warning about being expelled from the land.
Alternative generated candidates
- And you shall keep all my statutes and all my judgments and do them, so that the land to which I am bringing you to dwell in it does not vomit you out.
- And you shall keep all my statutes and all my judgments, and you shall do them, that the land to which I am bringing you to dwell there may not vomit you out.
Lev.20.23 - Details
Translation
Original Text
Morphology
- ולא: CONJ
- תלכו: VERB,qal,impf,2,m,pl
- בחקת: PREP+NOUN,f,sg,const
- הגוי: NOUN,m,sg,def
- אשר: PRON,rel
- אני: PRON,1,sg
- משלח: VERB,piel,part,3,m,sg
- מפניכם: PREP,PRON,2,m,pl
- כי: CONJ
- את: PRT,acc
- כל: DET
- אלה: DEM,pl,abs
- עשו: VERB,qal,perf,3,m,pl
- ואקץ: VERB,qal,impf,1,m,sg
- בם: PREP+PRON,3,m,pl
Parallels
- Leviticus 18:3 (verbal): Uses the same prohibition language — do not follow the practices of the land/people — framing Israel's distinctiveness against local customs.
- Leviticus 18:24-25 (thematic): Similar consequence language: the nations’ practices defile the land and provoke God’s disgust/abomination, echoing 'I abhor them.'
- Leviticus 20:22 (structural): Immediate context: commands obedience to God's statutes and reiterates the prohibition against imitating the peoples being expelled.
- Deuteronomy 12:29-31 (thematic): Warns Israel not to be ensnared into adopting the nations’ detestable practices or worship of their gods — same rationale for avoidance of foreign customs.
- Deuteronomy 18:9-12 (thematic): Lists the abominable practices (divination, child sacrifice, etc.) that Israel must not imitate — examples of the 'all these things' that provoke divine abhorrence.
Alternative generated candidates
- And you shall not walk in the statutes of the nation that I am driving out before you, for they did all these things, and I abhorred them.
- And you shall not walk in the statutes of the nation that I am sending out before you, for all these they did, and I abhorred them.
Lev.20.24 - Details
Translation
Original Text
Morphology
- ואמר: VERB,qal,wayyiqtol,3,m,sg
- לכם: PREP,2,m,pl
- אתם: PRON,2,m,pl
- תירשו: VERB,qal,impf,2,m,pl
- את: PRT,acc
- אדמתם: NOUN,f,sg,abs,poss,3,m,pl
- ואני: PRON,1,sg
- אתננה: VERB,qal,fut,1,sg
- לכם: PREP,2,m,pl
- לרשת: PREP+INF,qal
- אתה: PRON,2,m,sg
- ארץ: NOUN,f,sg,abs
- זבת: VERB,qal,ptc,f,sg
- חלב: NOUN,m,sg,abs
- ודבש: CONJ+NOUN,m,sg,abs
- אני: PRON,1,sg
- יהוה: NOUN,prop,m,sg,abs
- אלהיכם: NOUN,m,pl,abs+PRON,2,m,pl
- אשר: PRON,rel
- הבדלתי: VERB,hif,perf,1,sg
- אתכם: PRT+PRON,2,m,pl
- מן: PREP
- העמים: NOUN,m,pl,def
Parallels
- Exodus 3:8 (verbal): Uses the same promise language of bringing Israel to “a land flowing with milk and honey” and God’s intention to deliver and give the land to Israel.
- Exodus 3:17 (verbal): Reiterates the pledge to bring Israel out of Egypt into the land of the Canaanites described as flowing with milk and honey—a close verbal and thematic parallel.
- Numbers 33:53 (verbal): Speaks of Israel taking possession of the land because God has given it to them—language very similar to “you shall possess their land; I will give it to you to inherit.”
- Deuteronomy 6:10-12 (thematic): Promises entry into the fertile land God swore to the ancestors and warns not to forget the LORD who gives the land—echoing the gift-of-land theme and divine agency in Lev 20:24.
- Exodus 19:5-6 (allusion): Declares Israel to be God’s special possession and a holy nation—paralleling Lev 20:24’s claim that the LORD has separated/ set Israel apart from the other peoples.
Alternative generated candidates
- And I said to you: You shall inherit their land, and I will give it to you to possess, a land flowing with milk and honey; I am the LORD your God, who has set you apart from the peoples.
- And I have said to you: You shall inherit their land, and I will give it to you to possess it, a land flowing with milk and honey; I am the LORD your God, who has separated you from the peoples.
Lev.20.25 - Details
Translation
Original Text
Morphology
- והבדלתם: VERB,qal,perf,2,m,pl
- בין: PREP
- הבהמה: NOUN,f,sg,def
- הטהרה: ADJ,f,sg,def
- לטמאה: PREP+ADJ,f,sg,abs
- ובין: CONJ+PREP
- העוף: NOUN,m,sg,def
- הטמא: ADJ,m,sg,def
- לטהר: VERB,qal,inf
- ולא: CONJ
- תשקצו: VERB,qal,impf,2,m,pl
- את: PRT,acc
- נפשתיכם: NOUN,f,pl,abs,2,mp
- בבהמה: PREP+NOUN,f,sg,abs
- ובעוף: CONJ+PREP+NOUN,m,sg,def
- ובכל: CONJ+PREP
- אשר: PRON,rel
- תרמש: VERB,qal,impf,3,f,sg
- האדמה: NOUN,f,sg,def
- אשר: PRON,rel
- הבדלתי: VERB,qal,perf,1,c,sg
- לכם: PREP,2,m,pl
- לטמא: PREP+ADJ,f,sg,abs
Parallels
- Leviticus 11:44-47 (verbal): Repeats the command to be holy and not defile yourselves with animals and closing instruction to distinguish between clean and unclean creatures (language and legal thrust closely parallel to Lev 20:25).
- Leviticus 10:10 (verbal): God instructs Aaron and his sons to learn to distinguish between holy and common and between unclean and clean—same distinguishing principle applied to people and animals in Lev 20:25.
- Deuteronomy 14:3-21 (thematic): Restates the dietary laws and the ban on eating unclean/creeping animals, carrying forward the same pattern of separating clean and unclean provisions for Israel.
- Ezekiel 44:23 (thematic): Speaks of priests teaching the people to discern between holy and profane and between unclean and clean—echoes the social-religious function of distinguishing categories expressed in Lev 20:25.
- Acts 10:9-16 (esp. v.15) (allusion): Peter’s vision where God declares previously unclean animals clean functions as a New Testament reworking of the clean/unclean boundary addressed in Lev 20:25, engaging directly with the Torah’s dietary distinctions.
Alternative generated candidates
- And you shall set apart between the clean animal and the unclean, and between the unclean bird and the clean; and you shall not make yourselves detestable by animal or by bird or by anything that creeps on the ground, which I have set apart for you as unclean.
- And you shall separate between the clean animal and the unclean, and between the unclean bird and the clean; and you shall not make your persons abominable by animal or by bird or by anything that creeps on the ground, which I have separated for you as unclean.
Lev.20.26 - Details
Translation
Original Text
Morphology
- והייתם: VERB,qal,perf,2,m,pl
- לי: PREP+PRON,1,sg
- קדשים: NOUN,m,pl,abs
- כי: CONJ
- קדוש: ADJ,m,sg,abs
- אני: PRON,1,sg
- יהוה: NOUN,prop,m,sg,abs
- ואבדל: VERB,qal,impf,1,sg
- אתכם: PRT+PRON,2,m,pl
- מן: PREP
- העמים: NOUN,m,pl,def
- להיות: VERB,qal,inf,NA,NA,NA
- לי: PREP+PRON,1,sg
Parallels
- Leviticus 19:2 (verbal): Directly parallels the command 'You shall be holy' and the reason 'for I the LORD am holy'—same wording framing Israel's ethical holiness.
- Leviticus 11:44-45 (verbal): Uses near-identical language ('be holy, for I am holy') and couples holiness with separation from the nations, echoing Lev 20:26's themes.
- Exodus 19:6 (thematic): God's call for Israel to be 'a kingdom of priests and a holy nation' emphasizes distinctiveness and service to Yahweh, paralleling the idea of being set apart for God.
- Deuteronomy 14:2 (allusion): Declares Israel a holy people and God's treasured possession chosen out of the nations—echoes the motif of separation and belonging to Yahweh found in Lev 20:26.
- 1 Peter 1:15-16 (quotation): New Testament citation of 'Be holy, because I am holy,' applying the Levitical command to Christian conduct and explicitly linking to Lev 19/20 tradition.
Alternative generated candidates
- And you shall be holy to me, for I, the LORD, am holy; and I have set you apart from the peoples to be mine.
- And you shall be holy to me, for I, the LORD, am holy, and I have separated you from the peoples to be mine.
Lev.20.27 - Details
Translation
Original Text
Morphology
- ואיש: NOUN,m,sg,abs
- או: CONJ
- אשה: NOUN,f,sg,abs
- כי: CONJ
- יהיה: VERB,qal,impf,3,m,sg
- בהם: PREP+PRON,3,m,pl
- אוב: NOUN,m,sg,abs
- או: CONJ
- ידעני: NOUN,m,sg,abs
- מות: VERB,qal,infabs
- יומתו: VERB,nip,impf,3,m,sg
- באבן: PREP+NOUN,f,sg,abs
- ירגמו: VERB,qal,impf,3,m,pl
- אתם: PRON,2,m,pl
- דמיהם: NOUN,m,sg+PRON,3,m,pl
- בם: PREP+PRON,3,m,pl
Parallels
- Lev.19.31 (verbal): Prohibits turning to or consulting 'those who have familiar spirits' (יודעי אוב); closely mirrors the prohibition language against mediums and spirit‑contact in 20:27.
- Lev.20.6 (structural): Within the same chapter; prescribes punishment ('cut off from among their people') for anyone who turns to mediums or wizards, showing the broader legal context for condemning spirit‑consultation.
- Deut.18.10-11 (thematic): Broad ban on divination, soothsaying, consulting familiar spirits or necromancers; lists the same categories of forbidden practitioners that Leviticus 20:27 condemns.
- Exod.22.18 (quotation): 'Thou shalt not suffer a witch to live'—an earlier legal formulation imposing death for illicit magical/occult practitioners, parallel in sanction to the stoning penalty of Lev 20:27.
- 1 Chron.10.13-14 (thematic): Explains Saul's death as resulting from his consulting a medium instead of God; a narrative illustration of the theological and moral consequences attached to seeking familiar spirits, linked to the legal prohibition in Lev 20:27.
Alternative generated candidates
- And a man or a woman in whom is a medium or a spiritist shall surely be put to death; they shall stone them with stones; their blood is upon them.
- And a man or a woman who is a medium or a spiritist shall surely be put to death; they shall stone them with stones; their blood is upon them.
And the LORD spoke to Moses, saying: And to the sons of Israel you shall say: Any man from the sons of Israel and from the sojourner who sojourns in Israel who gives of his seed to Molech shall surely be put to death; the people of the land shall stone him with stones. And I will set my face against that man and will cut him off from the midst of his people, because he has given of his seed to Molech, so as to make my sanctuary unclean and to profane my holy name. And if the people of the land should hide their eyes from that man when he gives of his seed to Molech, so as not to put him to death,
then I will set my face against that man and against his family, and will cut off him and all who prostitute themselves after him, to prostitute themselves after Molech, from among their people. And the person who turns to the mediums and to the spiritists, to prostitute himself after them, I will set my face against that person and will cut him off from among his people.
Consecrate yourselves, and you shall be holy, for I am the LORD your God. And you shall keep my statutes and do them; I am the LORD who sanctifies you.
For any man who curses his father or his mother shall surely be put to death; he has cursed his father and his mother; his blood is upon him. And a man who commits adultery with the wife of another, who commits adultery with the wife of his neighbor—the adulterer and the adulteress shall surely be put to death. And a man who lies with his father's wife has uncovered his father's nakedness; both of them shall surely be put to death; their blood is upon them. And a man who lies with his daughter-in-law—both of them shall surely be put to death; they have committed a perversion; their blood is upon them. And a man who lies with a male as one lies with a woman—both of them have committed an abomination; they shall surely be put to death; their blood is upon them. And a man who takes a woman and her mother—it is depravity; they shall burn him and them with fire, that there be no depravity in your midst. And a man who has sexual relations with an animal shall surely be put to death; and you shall kill the animal. And a woman who approaches any animal to have sexual relations with it—you shall kill the woman and the animal; they shall surely be put to death; their blood is upon them. And a man who takes his sister, the daughter of his father or the daughter of his mother, and sees her nakedness—and she sees his nakedness—it is a disgrace; and they shall be cut off in the sight of the sons of their people; he has uncovered his sister's nakedness; he shall bear his iniquity. And a man who lies with a woman in her menstrual impurity and uncovers her nakedness—he has exposed her discharge, and she has exposed the source of her blood—both of them shall be cut off from among their people. And the nakedness of your mother's sister and your father's sister you shall not uncover, for he has laid bare his close relative; they shall bear their iniquity. And a man who lies with his uncle's wife has uncovered his uncle's nakedness; they shall bear their sin; they shall die childless. And a man who takes his brother's wife—it is impurity; he has uncovered his brother's nakedness; they shall be childless. And you shall keep all my statutes and all my judgments, and you shall do them, and the land to which I am bringing you, to dwell in it, shall not vomit you out. And you shall not walk in the statutes of the nation that I am sending out before you, for they did all these things, and I abhorred them. And I said to you: You shall inherit their land, and I will give it to you to possess it, a land flowing with milk and honey; I am the LORD your God, who has separated you from the peoples. And you shall separate between the clean animal and the unclean, and between the unclean bird and the clean; and you shall not make yourselves detestable by animal or by bird or by anything that moves on the ground, which I have separated for you as unclean. And you shall be holy to me, for I, the LORD, am holy; and I have separated you from the peoples to be mine. And a man or a woman who is a medium or a spiritist shall surely be put to death; they shall stone them with stones; their blood is upon them.