Sabbath Year
Leviticus 25:1-7
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Revelation
Lev.25.1 - Details
Translation
Original Text
Morphology
- וידבר: VERB,qal,impf,3,m,sg
- יהוה: NOUN,prop,m,sg,abs
- אל: NEG
- משה: NOUN,prop,m,sg,abs
- בהר: PREP+NOUN,m,sg,def
- סיני: ADJ,m,sg,abs
- לאמר: INF,qal,infc
Parallels
- Exodus 19:3 (verbal): Uses a similar divine-address formula at Sinai — God speaks to Moses from the mountain, introducing commandments given at Sinai.
- Numbers 1:1 (verbal): Begins with ‘The LORD spoke to Moses in the wilderness of Sinai…’, echoing the same Sinai setting and speech formula used to introduce legal material.
- Leviticus 1:1 (structural): Another opening sacerdotal formula (‘The LORD called to Moses and spoke…’) that functions as the standard introduction to priestly/ritual legislation in Leviticus.
- Exodus 24:12 (thematic): God summons Moses to the mountain and speaks commandments there — parallels the motif of Sinai as the locus of divine instruction to Moses.
- Deuteronomy 5:4 (thematic): Reflects the theme of revelation at Sinai (‘The LORD spoke with you face to face on the mountain’), emphasizing the authoritative origin of the laws introduced by the formula in Lev 25:1.
Alternative generated candidates
- And the LORD spoke to Moses on Mount Sinai, saying:
- And the LORD spoke to Moses on Mount Sinai, saying:
Lev.25.2 - Details
Translation
Original Text
Morphology
- דבר: NOUN,m,sg,abs
- אל: NEG
- בני: NOUN,m,pl,construct
- ישראל: NOUN,m,sg,abs
- ואמרת: CONJ+VERB,qal,impf,2,m,sg
- אלהם: PREP+PRON,3,m,pl
- כי: CONJ
- תבאו: VERB,qal,impf,2,m,pl
- אל: NEG
- הארץ: NOUN,f,sg,def
- אשר: PRON,rel
- אני: PRON,1,sg
- נתן: VERB,qal,perf,3,m,sg
- לכם: PREP,2,m,pl
- ושבתה: VERB,qal,impf,3,f,sg
- הארץ: NOUN,f,sg,def
- שבת: NOUN,f,sg,abs
- ליהוה: PREP+NOUN,m,sg,def
Parallels
- Exodus 23:10-11 (verbal): Prescribes the seven‑year agricultural cycle: sow six years and let the land lie fallow in the seventh, directly paralleling the command that the land keep a Sabbath.
- Leviticus 25:4 (verbal): Immediate parallel in the same chapter reiterating that the seventh year is a Sabbath of solemn rest for the land — a close restatement/expansion of v.2.
- Deuteronomy 15:1-2 (thematic): Institutes the seven‑year release (debts and economic renewal) tied to the sabbatical cycle; thematically linked to land rest and social/economic rhythms of the sabbath year.
- 2 Chronicles 36:20-21 (allusion): Explains Judah’s exile as fulfillment until ‘the land had enjoyed its Sabbaths,’ explicitly alluding to Leviticus’ sabbatical principle as prophetic rationale for exile.
- Hebrews 4:9-10 (thematic): Reinterprets the sabbath motif theologically — ‘a Sabbath rest remains for the people of God’ — drawing on the idea of God’s rest and rest for God’s people/land as an enduring theological symbol.
Alternative generated candidates
- Speak to the Israelites and say to them, When you enter the land that I am giving you, the land shall keep a sabbath to the LORD.
- Speak to the Israelites and say to them: When you come into the land that I am giving you, the land shall keep a sabbath to the LORD.
Lev.25.3 - Details
Translation
Original Text
Morphology
- שש: NOUN,m,sg,abs
- שנים: NOUN,f,pl,abs
- תזרע: VERB,qal,impf,2,m,sg
- שדך: NOUN,m,sg,abs,suff,2,m,sg
- ושש: CONJ+NUM,card,m,sg
- שנים: NOUN,f,pl,abs
- תזמר: VERB,qal,impf,2,m,sg
- כרמך: NOUN,m,sg,suff_2ms
- ואספת: CONJ+VERB,qal,perf,2,m,sg
- את: PRT,acc
- תבואתה: NOUN,f,sg,abs,prsfx:3,f,sg
Parallels
- Exodus 23:10-11 (verbal): Directly parallels the six-year agricultural pattern: sowing and gathering for six years and leaving the land to rest in the seventh; similar wording and the provision that the poor/animals may eat in the sabbath year.
- Leviticus 25:4 (structural): Immediate continuation of the same law within Leviticus 25; explicitly identifies the seventh year as a sabbath rest for the land, completing the instruction begun in v.3.
- Exodus 34:21 (verbal): Affirms the principle of ceasing ordinary agricultural work on the seventh day/year—ties the rhythm of work and rest (plowing/harvest and Sabbath) to Israelite law.
- Deuteronomy 15:1-2 (thematic): Regulates a seven‑year cycle (release of debts) that reflects the broader sabbatical rhythm governing economic and social life every seventh year.
- 2 Chronicles 36:21 (thematic): Interprets the Babylonian exile as fulfillment of the land’s need to keep sabbaths; connects the sabbatical law (including leaving the land) to later historical theology.
Alternative generated candidates
- Six years you shall sow your field, and six years you shall prune your vineyard and gather its produce.
- Six years you shall sow your field, and six years you shall prune your vineyard, and you shall gather its produce.
Lev.25.4 - Details
Translation
Original Text
Morphology
- ובשנה: CONJ+PREP+NOUN,f,sg,abs
- השביעת: ADJ,f,sg,def
- שבת: NOUN,f,sg,abs
- שבתון: NOUN,f,sg,abs
- יהיה: VERB,qal,impf,3,m,sg
- לארץ: PREP+NOUN,f,sg,abs
- שבת: NOUN,f,sg,abs
- ליהוה: PREP+NOUN,m,sg,def
- שדך: NOUN,m,sg,abs,suff,2,m,sg
- לא: PART_NEG
- תזרע: VERB,qal,impf,2,m,sg
- וכרמך: CONJ+NOUN,m,sg,suff_2ms
- לא: PART_NEG
- תזמר: VERB,qal,imf,2,m,sg
Parallels
- Exod.23.10-11 (verbal): Directly parallels the command to leave the land fallow in the seventh year — similar wording about not sowing the field and allowing the produce to rest.
- Deut.15.1-2 (thematic): Develops the sabbatical-year principle in social and economic terms (seventh-year release), linking the cycle of seven years to obligations of release and rest.
- Lev.26.34-35 (structural): Within Leviticus this passage explains the consequence that the land will ‘enjoy its sabbaths’ during exile because Israel failed to observe the sabbatical years — a direct theological correlate.
- 2 Chron.36.21 (allusion): Interprets the Babylonian exile as fulfillment of the command that the land should keep its sabbaths, echoing the Levitical sabbatical-law rationale.
- Jer.34.13-22 (thematic): Jeremiah condemns failure to observe seventh-year obligations (here applied to release of servants) and announces judgment — connects the sabbatical-year ethic and its covenant consequences.
Alternative generated candidates
- But in the seventh year there shall be a sabbath of complete rest for the land, a sabbath to the LORD; your field you shall not sow, and your vineyard you shall not prune.
- But in the seventh year there shall be a sabbath of complete rest for the land, a sabbath to the LORD: your field you shall not sow, and your vineyard you shall not prune.
Lev.25.5 - Details
Translation
Original Text
Morphology
- את: PRT,acc
- ספיח: NOUN,m,sg,cs
- קצירך: NOUN,m,sg,abs,suff,2,m,sg
- לא: PART_NEG
- תקצור: VERB,qal,impf,2,m,sg
- ואת: CONJ
- ענבי: NOUN,m,pl,cs
- נזירך: NOUN,m,sg,abs,2ms
- לא: PART_NEG
- תבצר: VERB,qal,impf,2,m,sg
- שנת: NOUN,f,sg,cs
- שבתון: NOUN,f,sg,abs
- יהיה: VERB,qal,impf,3,m,sg
- לארץ: PREP+NOUN,f,sg,abs
Parallels
- Leviticus 19:9-10 (verbal): Commands leaving the edges (safiah) of the harvest and not gathering all the grapes—both laws require leaving produce for the poor/sojourners, closely paralleling the prohibition against reaping the spikh of your harvest.
- Deuteronomy 24:19-22 (thematic): Requires leaving the corner of the field, forgotten sheaves, and grapes for the stranger, the fatherless, and the widow; thematically parallels social provision embedded in the command not to reap the margins of the field.
- Exodus 23:10-11 (structural): Prescribes that the land shall rest in the seventh year and its produce be left for the poor and beasts—the same institution of the sabbath year (shmita) that Leviticus 25:5 stipulates.
- Jeremiah 17:21-22 (allusion): Prophetic injunction to observe the sabbath years for land and people; reiterates and warns about the consequences of failing to keep the land's sabbath as prescribed in Leviticus 25.
Alternative generated candidates
- The aftergrowth of your harvest you shall not reap, and the grapes of your unpruned vine you shall not gather; a year of complete rest shall be for the land.
- The aftergrowth of your harvest you shall not reap, and the grapes of your unpruned vine you shall not gather; it shall be a year of complete rest for the land.
Lev.25.6 - Details
Translation
Original Text
Morphology
- והיתה: VERB,qal,perf,3,f,sg
- שבת: NOUN,f,sg,abs
- הארץ: NOUN,f,sg,def
- לכם: PREP,2,m,pl
- לאכלה: PREP+NOUN,f,sg,abs
- לך: PRON,2,m,sg
- ולעבדך: CONJ+PREP+NOUN,m,sg,abs+PRON,2,sg,m
- ולאמתך: CONJ+PREP+NOUN,f,sg,abs+PRON,2,sg,m
- ולשכירך: CONJ+PREP+NOUN,m,sg,abs+PRON,2,sg,m
- ולתושבך: CONJ+PREP+NOUN,m,sg,abs+PRON,2,sg,m
- הגרים: NOUN,m,pl,def
- עמך: NOUN,m,sg,suff-2m
Parallels
- Exodus 23:10-11 (verbal): Commands the land’s seventh‑year rest and directs that its produce be left for others (the poor/sojourners and beasts), closely paralleling the language and purpose of Lev 25:6.
- Leviticus 25:7 (structural): Immediate continuation in the same chapter explaining that the sixth year’s produce will suffice during the sabbatical year, directly elaborating the provision named in v.6.
- 2 Chronicles 36:21 (allusion): States that Israel was exiled ‘to fulfill the word of the LORD…until the land had enjoyed its Sabbaths,’ explicitly invoking the land‑Sabbath principle underlying Lev 25:6.
- Jeremiah 34:13-22 (thematic): Treats failure to observe release and sabbatical provisions and condemns breaking those covenants—echoes Lev 25’s themes of land rest and provision for servants/sojourners.
Alternative generated candidates
- And the sabbath of the land shall be for you for food; for you and for your male servant and for your female servant, and for your hired worker and for your resident, the sojourners with you.
- And the sabbath of the land shall be food for you: for you and for your male slave and for your female slave and for your hired worker and for your resident, and for the sojourners who live with you.
Lev.25.7 - Details
Translation
Original Text
Morphology
- ולבהמתך: NOUN,f,sg,abs,poss:2ms,pref:CONJ+PREP
- ולחיה: NOUN,f,sg,abs,pref:CONJ+PREP
- אשר: PRON,rel
- בארצך: NOUN,f,sg,abs,poss:2ms,pref:PREP
- תהיה: VERB,qal,imperfect,3,f,sg
- כל: DET
- תבואתה: NOUN,f,sg,abs,poss:3fs
- לאכל: INF,qal
Parallels
- Exodus 23:10-11 (structural): Gives the same sabbath-year rule: the land must rest every seventh year and its spontaneous produce is left for the poor, the sojourner and the beasts — paralleling Leviticus' provision that the increase of the land is food for people and animals.
- Deuteronomy 15:1-11 (thematic): Deals with periodic economic release and social provision (the year of release, care for the poor and needy). It echoes Leviticus' concern that periodic institutions (sabbatical/jubilee provisions) ensure sustenance for servants, strangers and the poor.
- Genesis 1:29-30 (verbal): States that God gave every seed-bearing plant and every green plant for food to humans and animals, paralleling Leviticus' statement that the land's increase serves as food for people and beasts.
- Psalm 104:14-15 (thematic): Describes God providing vegetation for human use and grass for cattle, and wine/oil/food for human sustenance — thematically echoing the idea that the land's yield supplies both people and animals.
Alternative generated candidates
- And for your cattle and for the wild animal that is in your land, all its produce shall be for food.
- And for your livestock and for the wild animal that is in your land, all its produce shall be for food.
And the LORD spoke to Moses on Mount Sinai, saying:
Speak to the Israelites and say to them: When you come into the land that I am giving you, the land shall keep a sabbath to the LORD.
For six years you shall sow your field, and for six years you shall prune your vineyard and gather its produce. But in the seventh year there shall be a sabbath of complete rest for the land, a sabbath to the LORD; you shall not sow your field or prune your vineyard.
You shall not reap what grows of itself from your harvest, and you shall not gather the grapes of your unpruned vine; it shall be a year of complete rest for the land. And the sabbath of the land shall be for you for food: for you and for your male servant and your female servant, and for your hired worker, and for the resident and the sojourner who live with you. And for your livestock and for the wild animal that is in your land, all its produce shall be for food.