Lamentation for Tyre, the Merchant City
Ezekiel 27:1-36
Eze.27.1 - Details
Translation
Original Text
Morphology
- ויהי: VERB,qal,wayyiqtol,3,m,sg
- דבר: NOUN,m,sg,abs
- יהוה: NOUN,prop,m,sg,abs
- אלי: PREP+PRON,1,sg
- לאמר: INF,qal,infc
Parallels
- Jeremiah 1:4 (verbal): Uses the same prophetic formula 'The word of the LORD came to me' to introduce God's message to the prophet.
- Jonah 1:1 (verbal): Opens with 'Now the word of the LORD came unto Jonah…', the same introductory wording that signals a divine oracle.
- 1 Kings 17:2 (verbal): 'And the word of the LORD came unto Elijah…' — identical phrasing presenting divine communication to a prophet (narrative prophetic commission).
- Ezekiel 2:1 (structural): Within Ezekiel the formula is immediately followed by direct speech ('And he said unto me...'), reflecting the book's recurring structure of 'word of the LORD' introductions leading into the prophet's address.
Alternative generated candidates
- And the word of the LORD came to me, saying:
- And the word of the LORD came to me, saying:
Eze.27.2 - Details
Translation
Original Text
Morphology
- ואתה: CONJ+PRON,2,m,sg
- בן: NOUN,m,sg,abs
- אדם: NOUN,m,sg,abs
- שא: VERB,qal,imp,2,m,sg
- על: PREP
- צר: NOUN,m,sg,abs
- קינה: NOUN,f,sg,abs
Parallels
- Ezekiel 19:2 (structural): Same prophetic formula 'son of man' followed by a command to set up a lamentation; both instruct the prophet to compose/lead a lament.
- Ezekiel 26:17 (verbal): Explicitly declares that people 'shall take up a lamentation for you' about Tyre—directly echoes the theme of mourning Tyre's fall.
- Isaiah 23:1-4 (thematic): Isaiah's oracle 'Burden of Tyre' calls for wailing and lament for Tyre and its ships, thematically parallel to Ezekiel's lamentation.
- Joel 1:13 (thematic): A prophetic summons to put on sackcloth and lament for devastation—parallels the prophetic call to enact communal mourning over a calamity.
- Jeremiah 9:17 (structural): God's command 'Call for the mourning women' prescribes ritual lamentation—parallels the prophetic role in initiating public mourning.
Alternative generated candidates
- Son of man, raise a lamentation over Tyre;
- Son of man, take up a lamentation for Tyre;
Eze.27.3 - Details
Translation
Original Text
Morphology
- ואמרת: CONJ+VERB,qal,impf,2,m,sg
- לצור: VERB,qal,inf
- הישבת: VERB,qal,ptc,f,sg,def
- על: PREP
- מבואת: NOUN,f,sg,const
- ים: NOUN,m,sg,cs
- רכלת: VERB,qal,perf,2,m,sg
- העמים: NOUN,m,pl,def
- אל: NEG
- איים: NOUN,m,pl,abs
- רבים: ADJ,m,pl,abs
- כה: ADV
- אמר: VERB,qal,perf,3,m,sg
- אדני: NOUN,m,sg,abs,1,sg
- יהוה: NOUN,prop,m,sg,abs
- צור: NOUN,m,sg,abs
- את: PRT,acc
- אמרת: VERB,qal,perf,2,m,sg
- אני: PRON,1,sg
- כלילת: NOUN,f,sg,const
- יפי: NOUN,m,sg,abs
Parallels
- Ezekiel 28:12 (verbal): Direct verbal parallel: the ruler/king of Tyre is described as 'perfect in beauty'/'a seal of perfection,' echoing the boastful self-presentation in 27:3.
- Ezekiel 26:2-3 (structural): Same prophetic context addressing Tyre's location and impending judgment; 26 establishes the oracle against the maritime city that 27 develops into a lament.
- Isaiah 23:1-12 (thematic): A parallel prophecy against Tyre (and Sidon) using merchant imagery and Tyre's international trade with 'many coastlands' and the mourning of merchants.
- Revelation 18:11-19 (thematic): New Testament lament over a great commercial city (Babylon) whose merchants mourn its fall—echoes the motif of a maritime/merchant city's pride and downfall found in Ezekiel 27:3.
Alternative generated candidates
- and say to Tyre that dwells at the entrance to the sea, merchant of the peoples to many coastlands: Thus says the LORD GOD to Tyre—You have said, “I am the perfection of beauty.”
- and say to Tyre that sits at the entrance of the sea, merchant of the peoples to many coastlands: Thus says the Lord GOD to Tyre: You have said, ‘I am the perfection of beauty.’
Eze.27.4 - Details
Translation
Original Text
Morphology
- בלב: PREP+NOUN,m,sg,abs
- ימים: NOUN,m,pl,abs
- גבוליך: NOUN,m,pl,suff,2,ms
- בניך: NOUN,m,pl,abs+POSS,2,m,sg
- כללו: NOUN,m,sg,suff,3,ms
- יפיך: NOUN,m,sg,suff2f
Parallels
- Ezekiel 27:3 (verbal): Immediate context: repeats the maritime-border imagery and introduces the oracle against Tyre—same setting and language about the city's location 'in the midst of the seas'.
- Ezekiel 26:3-5 (thematic): Earlier prophecy against Tyre that emphasizes Tyre's island location, maritime borders and fate as a great sea-port—sets the broader prophetic framework for 27:4.
- Isaiah 23:8-14 (thematic): Isaiah's poem about Tyre likewise focuses on Tyre's island/sea location, wealth from seaborne trade and the impact of its downfall—parallel theme of a famous maritime city and its commerce.
- Revelation 18:11-19 (thematic): Apocalyptic lament of merchants over a great trading city's collapse; echoes Ezekiel's portrayal of Tyre as a wealthy, sea-borne commercial center whose ruin elicits mourning from seafaring traders.
Alternative generated candidates
- Your boundaries are in the heart of the seas; your builders perfected your beauty.
- In the heart of the seas are your limits; your sons perfected your beauty.
Eze.27.5 - Details
Translation
Original Text
Morphology
- ברושים: NOUN,m,pl,abs
- משניר: PREP+NOUN,m,sg,abs
- בנו: NOUN,m,sg,abs+3ms
- לך: PRON,2,m,sg
- את: PRT,acc
- כל: DET
- לחתים: NOUN,m,pl,abs
- ארז: NOUN,m,sg,abs
- מלבנון: PREP+NOUN,m,sg,abs
- לקחו: VERB,qal,perf,3,m,pl
- לעשות: VERB,qal,inf
- תרן: NOUN,m,sg,abs
- עליך: PREP+2ms
Parallels
- 1 Kings 5:6-11 (verbal): Solomon's arrangement with Hiram/Judah to bring cedar and cypress from Lebanon for royal construction — echoes the procurement of Lebanon timber for major maritime/architectural uses (cedar masts/logs).
- 2 Chronicles 2:8-16 (verbal): Chronicles' retelling of Solomon's request to Hiram for cedar, cypress and skilled labor from Lebanon — a close parallel in language and theme about Lebanon timber supplied for large-scale building projects.
- 2 Samuel 5:11 (1 Chronicles 14:1-2) (verbal): Hiram king of Tyre sends cedar trees and craftsmen to David for building — illustrates Tyre/Hiram's role as supplier of Lebanon cedar, paralleling Ezekiel's list of timber sources for ships.
- Isaiah 23:1-14 (thematic): Isaiah's oracle against Tyre is a thematic parallel: a lament over Tyre's maritime wealth and international trade (ships, commodities, skilled timber commerce), matching Ezekiel's catalogue of timber and shipbuilding materials.
Alternative generated candidates
- Cypresses of Senir were your shipwrights; they made all your planks. Cedars of Lebanon they took to make your mast.
- They made all your oars of the oaks of Senir; from Lebanon they took a cedar to make a mast for you.
Eze.27.6 - Details
Translation
Original Text
Morphology
- אלונים: NOUN,m,pl,abs
- מבשן: PREP+NOUN,prop,m,sg,abs
- עשו: VERB,qal,perf,3,m,pl
- משוטיך: PREP+NOUN,m,pl,abs+2,m,sg
- קרשך: NOUN,m,pl,abs+2,m,sg
- עשו: VERB,qal,perf,3,m,pl
- שן: NOUN,f,sg,abs
- בת: NOUN,f,sg,cs
- אשרים: CONJ
- מאיי: PREP+NOUN,m,pl,abs
- כתיים: NOUN,prop,m,pl,abs
Parallels
- Ezekiel 27:5 (verbal): Same Tyre-as-ship oracle; both verses enumerate the timber used for the ship—cedar from Lebanon is named here as it complements 27:6's mention of paddles/masts and other woods.
- Ezekiel 27:7 (verbal): Immediately adjacent verse in the oracle that likewise lists the ship's fittings (oars/ivory etc.), forming a continuous catalog of exotic materials for Tyre’s ship.
- Isaiah 23:1-4 (thematic): Isaiah's oracle against Tyre shares the theme of Tyre’s maritime wealth and commerce and functions as a parallel lament over the city’s prosperity and vulnerability.
- 1 Kings 10:11-12 (thematic): Describes ships (of Tarshish) bringing ivory, apes, and peacocks from distant lands—paralleling Ezekiel’s list of exotic materials and imports associated with Tyre’s maritime trade.
- 1 Kings 5:6-10 (thematic): Reports Hiram of Tyre supplying cedar and craftsmen for Solomon—connects Tyre's role as supplier of prized woods (cedar) and skilled maritime/ship-related resources reflected in Ezek. 27:6.
Alternative generated candidates
- Oaks of Bashan made your oars; your deck was fashioned from the boxwood of the Isles of Chittim.
- Oaks of Bashan were your oars; your deck was made of fine timber; ivory from the coastlands of Kittim covered you.
Eze.27.7 - Details
Translation
Original Text
Morphology
- שש: NOUN,m,sg,abs
- ברקמה: PREP+NOUN,f,sg,abs
- ממצרים: PREP+NOUN,m,pl,abs
- היה: VERB,qal,perf,3,m,sg
- מפרשך: PREP+NOUN,m,sg,2ms
- להיות: VERB,qal,inf,NA,NA,NA
- לך: PRON,2,m,sg
- לנס: PREP+NOUN,m,sg,abs
- תכלת: NOUN,f,sg,abs
- וארגמן: CONJ+NOUN,m,sg,abs
- מאיי: PREP+NOUN,m,pl,abs
- אלישה: NOUN,m,sg,abs
- היה: VERB,qal,perf,3,m,sg
- מכסך: PREP+NOUN,m,sg,2ms
Parallels
- Exodus 28:6 (verbal): Uses the same textile colors—blue (techelet) and purple (argaman)—for prized garments; shows these dyes/colours as luxury/high-status materials like those named as Tyre's awnings.
- Genesis 10:4 (structural): Lists Elishah as a son of Javan (an island people); identifies Elishah as an island-source of goods, providing background to Ezekiel's reference to 'the isles of Elishah.'
- 1 Kings 10:22 (thematic): Describes royal sea-borne trade—ships bringing luxury goods (gold, silver, exotic items)—paralleling Tyre's maritime commerce and import/export role in Ezekiel 27.
- Revelation 18:12 (thematic): Lists luxury textiles (fine linen, purple, silk, scarlet) among a great port city's merchandise; echoes Ezekiel's portrayal of Tyre as a center for valuable dyed cloth and international trade.
Alternative generated candidates
- Fine linen with embroidery from Egypt was your sail to make you majestic; blue and purple from the islands of Elishah were your awnings.
- Fine embroidered linen from Egypt was your sail to be your banner; blue and purple from the islands of Elishah were your awnings.
Eze.27.8 - Details
Translation
Original Text
Morphology
- ישבי: NOUN,m,pl,cons
- צידון: NOUN,m,sg,abs
- וארוד: CONJ+NOUN,prop,sg,abs
- היו: VERB,qal,perf,3,m,pl
- שטים: NOUN,m,pl,abs
- לך: PRON,2,m,sg
- חכמיך: NOUN,m,pl,abs+PRON,2,f,sg
- צור: NOUN,m,sg,abs
- היו: VERB,qal,perf,3,m,pl
- בך: PREP+PRON,2,m,sg
- המה: PRON,3,m,pl
- חבליך: NOUN,m,pl,abs+PRON,2,f,sg
Parallels
- Ezekiel 27:9 (structural): Same Tyre-oracle; lists other maritime peoples (Javan, Tubal, Meshech) and their roles as sailors/mercenaries, paralleling the enumeration of Sidon and Arvad as mariners and pilots.
- 1 Kings 7:13-14 (verbal): Hiram of Tyre is described as a skilled, wise artisan sent to Solomon—echoing Ezekiel's depiction of Tyre's 'wise men' and expert seafaring/craft skill.
- Genesis 10:15-18 (structural): Genealogical listing that includes Sidon and Arvad among the coastal/Cananean peoples, providing background for their identification as maritime inhabitants referenced in Ezekiel.
- Isaiah 23:1-4 (thematic): Prophecy concerning Tyre and its maritime commerce—mentions ships and the seafaring/trading life of Tyre and nearby ports (including Sidon), thematically paralleling Ezekiel's portrayal of Sidon and Arvad as mariners/pilots.
Alternative generated candidates
- The inhabitants of Sidon and Arvad were your pilots; your skilled men—Tyre’s seafarers—were in you as your ship’s ropes.
- The inhabitants of Sidon and Arvad were your mariners; your own men of Tyre were in you—they were your pilots.
Eze.27.9 - Details
Translation
Original Text
Morphology
- זקני: NOUN,m,pl,cons
- גבל: NOUN,m,sg,abs
- וחכמיה: CONJ+NOUN,m,pl,abs+3fs
- היו: VERB,qal,perf,3,m,pl
- בך: PREP+PRON,2,m,sg
- מחזיקי: PART,qal,ptc,m,pl,cons
- בדקך: PREP+NOUN,m,sg,abs+PRON,2,f,sg
- כל: DET
- אניות: NOUN,f,pl,abs
- הים: NOUN,m,sg,abs,def
- ומלחיהם: CONJ+NOUN,m,pl,abs+3mp
- היו: VERB,qal,perf,3,m,pl
- בך: PREP+PRON,2,m,sg
- לערב: PREP+NOUN,m,sg,abs
- מערבך: NOUN,m,sg,abs+PRON,2,f,sg
Parallels
- Ezekiel 27:10 (structural): Continues the catalogue of Tyre’s trading partners and allied coastal cities, placing Gebal/Byblos among the network of ports and skilled peoples connected to Tyre’s commerce.
- Ezekiel 27:27 (verbal): Repeats the imagery of 'all the ships of the sea' and their mariners being engaged with Tyre’s trade—echoing the same maritime-economic language as v.9.
- Isaiah 23:8–9 (thematic): Laments Tyre’s dependence on sea-borne trade and international merchants; like Ezek.27:9, it highlights Tyre’s harbor, foreign mariners, and the city’s role as a trading hub.
- Revelation 18:11–19 (thematic): Describes the merchants of the earth mourning a great port city’s fall because their trade is destroyed; parallels Ezekiel’s list of trading partners and the theme of maritime commerce and its collapse.
Alternative generated candidates
- The elders of Gebal and its wise men were in you to steer your keel; all the ships of the sea and their mariners were in you to trade with your market.
- The elders of Gebal and its craftsmen were in you to arrange your planks; all the ships of the sea and their mariners were in you to trade for your merchandise.
Eze.27.10 - Details
Translation
Original Text
Morphology
- פרס: NOUN,m,sg,abs
- ולוד: CONJ+NOUN,m,sg,abs
- ופוט: CONJ+NOUN,m,sg,abs
- היו: VERB,qal,perf,3,m,pl
- בחילך: PREP+NOUN,m,sg,abs+2,f,sg
- אנשי: NOUN,m,pl,cons
- מלחמתך: NOUN,f,sg,abs+2,f,sg
- מגן: NOUN,m,sg,abs
- וכובע: CONJ+NOUN,m,sg,abs
- תלו: VERB,qal,perf,3,m,pl
- בך: PREP+PRON,2,m,sg
- המה: PRON,3,m,pl
- נתנו: VERB,qal,perf,3,pl
- הדרך: NOUN,f,sg,def
Parallels
- Ezekiel 38:5 (verbal): Names Persia (Parsa) and Put among the nations allied in a military coalition — a verbal parallel in the listing of the same peoples as combatants or allies.
- Genesis 10:6 (structural): The Table of Nations identifies Put (Phut) as a son of Ham, providing the genealogical/ethnographic background for the 'Put' mentioned in Ezek.27:10.
- Genesis 10:22 (structural): Lists Lud among the descendants of Shem, supplying the ancestral origin of Lud referenced in Ezek.27:10 and situating these names within Israelite ethnography.
- Ezekiel 27:11 (structural): Part of the same Tyre oracle that catalogs foreign peoples (here Gomer and Tubal) who served as merchants/partners — structurally parallels Ezek.27:10's listing of nations contributing to Tyre's military and trade network.
- Isaiah 23:1 (thematic): A parallel prophecy against Tyre that also depicts Tyre's wide-ranging maritime commerce, foreign partners, and vulnerability — thematically echoing Ezek.27's portrayal of foreign nations tied to Tyre's strength and fate.
Alternative generated candidates
- Persia, Lud, and Put were in your company as your shield-bearers—men of war; shield and helmet hung upon you; they gave your way strength.
- Persia, Lud and Put were in your army; they hung shield and helmet on you— they gave you their might.
Eze.27.11 - Details
Translation
Original Text
Morphology
- בני: NOUN,m,pl,construct
- ארוד: NOUN,m,sg,abs
- וחילך: CONJ+NOUN,m,sg,abs,2fs
- על: PREP
- חומותיך: NOUN,f,pl,abs
- סביב: ADV
- וגמדים: CONJ+NOUN,m,pl,abs
- במגדלותיך: PREP+NOUN,f,pl,abs,2fs
- היו: VERB,qal,perf,3,m,pl
- שלטיהם: NOUN,m,pl,abs,3mp
- תלו: VERB,qal,perf,3,pl
- על: PREP
- חומותיך: NOUN,f,pl,abs
- סביב: ADV
- המה: PRON,3,m,pl
- כללו: VERB,piel,perf,3,pl
- יפיך: NOUN,m,sg,suff2f
Parallels
- Ezekiel 27:8 (verbal): Same catalogue of coastal cities and allies (Arvad, etc.) in the context of Tyre's defenses and maritime connections—closely parallels the naming of Arvad and the presence of warriors on the walls.
- Ezekiel 28:12 (verbal): Uses similar language about beauty and perfection (’perfect in beauty’), thematically linked to 27:11’s statement that these allies ‘completed/embellished your beauty.’
- 1 Samuel 31:10 (thematic): The Philistines displayed armor and bodies on city structures after victory (Saul’s armor/host on the house and wall), echoing the motif of shields/armor hung on walls as public display.
- Isaiah 23:8-9 (thematic): The oracle against Tyre focuses on its maritime commerce, foreign allies and merchants—a parallel lament about Tyre’s network of cities and traders that figure in Ezekiel’s catalogue.
Alternative generated candidates
- The men of Arvad and your company were on your walls all around; their towers were set about your walls—your partners hung their shields on your walls all around; they perfected your beauty.
- The men of Arvad and your troops were upon your walls round about; the guards were in your towers; they hung their shields on your walls all around—they completed your beauty.
Eze.27.12 - Details
Translation
Original Text
Morphology
- תרשיש: NOUN,m,sg,abs
- סחרתך: NOUN,m,sg,abs+SUF,2ms
- מרב: PREP+NOUN,m,sg,abs
- כל: DET
- הון: NOUN,m,sg,abs
- בכסף: PREP+NOUN,m,sg,abs
- ברזל: NOUN,m,sg,abs
- בדיל: PREP+NOUN,m,sg,abs
- ועופרת: CONJ+NOUN,f,sg,abs
- נתנו: VERB,qal,perf,3,pl
- עזבוניך: NOUN,m,pl,abs+SUF,2ms
Parallels
- 1 Kings 10:22 (verbal): Mentions the 'ships of Tarshish' bringing gold and silver to Solomon—parallels Ezekiel's depiction of Tarshish as a source of precious metals and maritime trade.
- Psalm 72:10 (thematic): Speaks of the kings of Tarshish bringing presents—echoes the image of Tarshish as a wealthy trading partner furnishing valuable goods (silver, metals).
- Isaiah 23:6 (allusion): In the oracle against Tyre Isaiah calls attention to Tarshish and the maritime trade network; thematically parallels Ezekiel's listing of Tyre's trading partners and their commodities.
- Jonah 1:3 (thematic): Portrays Tarshish as a distant port/destination reached by sea—supports the picture of Tarshish as a maritime trading center supplying distant markets with goods like metals.
Alternative generated candidates
- Tarshish was your merchant by reason of the abundance of all riches; silver, iron, tin, and lead they gave as your merchandise.
- Tarshish was your trade because of the abundance of all your riches: silver, iron, tin and lead they gave for your merchandise.
Eze.27.13 - Details
Translation
Original Text
Morphology
- יון: NOUN,m,sg,abs
- תבל: NOUN,f,sg,abs
- ומשך: CONJ+NOUN,m,sg,abs
- המה: PRON,3,m,pl
- רכליך: NOUN,m,pl,abs+SUFF,2,m,sg
- בנפש: PREP+NOUN,f,sg,abs
- אדם: NOUN,m,sg,abs
- וכלי: NOUN,m,pl,const
- נחשת: NOUN,f,sg,abs
- נתנו: VERB,qal,perf,3,pl
- מערבך: PREP+NOUN,m,sg,abs+SUFF,2,m,sg
Parallels
- Ezekiel 27:12 (structural): Immediate context in the same lament recital listing Tyre's trading partners and the goods exchanged; parallels the merchant-roll motif and trade-exchange language.
- Ezekiel 27:14 (structural): Another verse in the same catalogue of merchants that, like v.13, describes foreign peoples providing manpower and military goods to Tyre—part of the same enumerative structure.
- Genesis 10:2 (allusion): Gives the genealogical origin of Meshech and Tubal (Tuval), the peoples named as traders here; the verse alludes to these ethnic identities known from the Table of Nations.
- 1 Chronicles 1:5 (verbal): A parallel genealogical listing that repeats the names Meshech and Tubal, verbally corroborating the ethnic/tribal identification used in Ezekiel's list of merchants.
Alternative generated candidates
- Javan, Tubal, and Meshech were your traders by men; they dealt in human lives and in bronze vessels they gave to your market.
- Javan, Tubal and Meshech were your traders; they traded human beings and bronze wares for your market.
Eze.27.14 - Details
Translation
Original Text
Morphology
- מבית: PREP+NOUN,m,sg,abs
- תוגרמה: NOUN,f,sg,abs
- סוסים: NOUN,m,pl,abs
- ופרשים: CONJ+NOUN,m,pl,abs
- ופרדים: CONJ+NOUN,m,pl,abs
- נתנו: VERB,qal,perf,3,pl
- עזבוניך: NOUN,m,pl,abs,poss,2,m,sg
Parallels
- Ezekiel 38:6 (verbal): Togarmah appears again in Ezekiel as a named people (here allied with Gog), the same ethnic/geographic name underlying 'Beth‑Togarmah' in Ezek. 27:14.
- Genesis 10:3 (allusion): Togarmah is listed in the Table of Nations as a son of Gomer, providing background identification for Beth‑Togarmah mentioned as a supplier of horses.
- 1 Kings 10:28–29 (thematic): Describes importation and trade in horses and chariots for Solomon's court—parallels Tyre's commerce in horses and horsemen as valuable trade goods.
- Revelation 18:11–13 (thematic): Merchant lament over the fall of a great trading city lists horses, chariots, charioteers and related goods, echoing Ezekiel's catalogue of maritime trade and the loss of markets like Tyre.
- Deuteronomy 17:16 (thematic): The lawhousehold warning that a king must not multiply horses (i.e., import them) highlights horses as prized, often imported commodities—contextual contrast to Tyre's profit from trading horses.
Alternative generated candidates
- From the house of Togarmah came horses, war-horses, and mules for your wealth.
- From the house of Togarmah came horses, war-horses and mules for your merchandise.
Eze.27.15 - Details
Translation
Original Text
Morphology
- בני: NOUN,m,pl,construct
- דדן: NOUN,m,sg,abs
- רכליך: NOUN,m,pl,abs+2ms
- איים: NOUN,m,pl,abs
- רבים: ADJ,m,pl,abs
- סחרת: VERB,qal,perf,2,m,sg
- ידך: NOUN,f,sg,abs,poss:2,f,sg
- קרנות: NOUN,f,pl,cons
- שן: NOUN,f,sg,abs
- והבנים: NOUN,m,pl,def
- השיבו: VERB,qal,perf,3,m,pl
- אשכרך: NOUN,m,sg,abs+2ms
Parallels
- Ezekiel 27:24 (verbal): Internal parallel in the same lament: again names Dedan as one of Tyre’s merchants, reinforcing the catalogue of trading partners and commerce imagery.
- Ezekiel 27:20-22 (thematic): Part of the chapter’s extended list of Tyre’s trading partners (including Dedan, Arabia, Kedar, Sheba), underscoring the wide maritime and overland trade network referenced in v.15.
- Isaiah 23:8-9 (thematic): A parallel lament for Tyre that likewise emphasizes international commerce and merchants from distant coasts/isles — similar theological and literary material about Tyre’s trading prestige.
- Genesis 10:7 (allusion): Genealogical reference identifying Dedan (son of Raamah) — provides background for the ethnic group called 'sons of Dedan' who appear as merchants in Ezekiel’s list.
Alternative generated candidates
- The sons of Dedan were your merchants; many coastlands were the merchandise of your hand; the market of your wares was in the islands.
- The merchants of Dedan were in your market; many islands were the trade of your hand— horns of ivory and ebony they brought as your payment.
Eze.27.16 - Details
Translation
Original Text
Morphology
- ארם: NOUN,m,sg,abs
- סחרתך: NOUN,f,sg,abs+2ms
- מרב: PREP+NOUN,m,sg,abs
- מעשיך: NOUN,m,pl,abs+2ms
- בנפך: PREP+NOUN,f,sg,abs+2ms
- ארגמן: NOUN,m,sg,abs
- ורקמה: NOUN,f,sg,abs
- ובוץ: CONJ+NOUN,m,sg,abs
- וראמת: CONJ+NOUN,f,sg,abs
- וכדכד: CONJ+NOUN,m,sg,abs
- נתנו: VERB,qal,perf,3,pl
- בעזבוניך: PREP+NOUN,m,sg,abs+2ms
Parallels
- Ezekiel 27:17 (structural): Adjacent verse in the same Tyre-oracle naming another trading partner (Judah/Jerusalem) and listing the specific luxury goods they brought, showing the patterned catalogue of nations and commodities in ch. 27.
- Ezekiel 27:24-25 (structural): Other verses in the same chapter that name Arabian/Kedar traders and their exports (flocks, lambs, rams, goats), paralleling v.16’s listing of Aram’s livestock and textile trade.
- Isaiah 23:8-9 (thematic): Isaiah’s lament over Tyre emphasizes the city’s merchants and commerce and mourns the loss of trade and luxury goods, a parallel theme to Ezek. 27’s inventory of Tyre’s trading partners and wares.
- 1 Kings 10:22 (thematic): Describes the international trade of Solomon (ships of Tarshish bringing luxury imports), paralleling the ancient Near Eastern network of maritime commerce and exotic goods reflected in Ezek. 27:16.
- Revelation 18:11-13 (thematic): The New Testament lament over Babylon’s fall lists merchants weeping for lost trade in luxury items (gold, fine linen, purple, spices, precious stones), echoing Ezekiel’s catalogue of Tyre’s valuable commodities and the mourning over disrupted commerce.
Alternative generated candidates
- Aram was your trader for the abundance of your handiwork—purple and embroidered cloth and coral and rubies—these were in your merchandise.
- Damascus was your trader because of the abundance of your handiwork: with purple and embroidered cloth, with fine woven goods, with goatskins and with cassia they gave for your merchandise.
Eze.27.17 - Details
Translation
Original Text
Morphology
- יהודה: NOUN,m,sg,prop
- וארץ: NOUN,f,sg,abs
- ישראל: NOUN,m,sg,abs
- המה: PRON,3,m,pl
- רכליך: NOUN,m,pl,const,2fs
- בחטי: PREP+NOUN,m,pl,abs
- מנית: NOUN,f,sg,abs
- ופנג: CONJ+NOUN,m,sg,abs
- ודבש: CONJ+NOUN,m,sg,abs
- ושמן: CONJ+NOUN,m,sg,abs
- וצרי: NOUN,m,sg,abs
- נתנו: VERB,qal,perf,3,pl
- מערבך: PREP+NOUN,m,sg,abs,2fs
Parallels
- Ezekiel 27:12 (verbal): Same lament-speech pattern listing foreign trading partners and their merchandise; repeats the formula of peoples ‘being thy merchants’ and enumerates commodities traded with Tyre.
- Ezekiel 27:20–21 (structural): Another section of the same chapter that catalogs different regional merchants (Dedan, Tema, Sheba, Raamah, etc.) and the specific goods they brought, showing the chapter’s repeated structural motif of trading partners and commodities.
- Isaiah 23:8–9 (thematic): Isaiah’s taunt against Tyre focuses on Tyre’s wealth derived from international trade and its merchants (including Tarshish), parallel to Ezekiel’s portrait of Tyre as a commercial hub supplied by surrounding lands such as Judah/Israel.
- 1 Kings 10:11–12 (thematic): Describes maritime trade between Israel (Solomon) and Tyrian ships (Hiram/Tarshish) bringing exotic goods; parallels the depiction of Judah/Israel as participants in wider seaborne commerce that enriched Tyre.
Alternative generated candidates
- Judah and the land of Israel were your merchants in wheat, salt, honey, oil, and balm; they gave these as your merchandise.
- Judah and the land of Israel were your merchants; they traded with wheat of Minnith and Pannag, with honey, oil and balm for your merchandise.
Eze.27.18 - Details
Translation
Original Text
Morphology
- דמשק: NOUN,prop,m,sg,abs
- סחרתך: NOUN,m,sg,abs+2ms
- ברב: PREP+NOUN,m,sg,abs
- מעשיך: NOUN,m,pl,abs+2ms
- מרב: PREP+NOUN,m,sg,abs
- כל: DET
- הון: NOUN,m,sg,abs
- ביין: PREP+NOUN,m,sg,abs
- חלבון: NOUN,m,sg,abs
- וצמר: CONJ+NOUN,m,sg,abs
- צחר: NOUN,prop,m,sg
Parallels
- Ezekiel 27:16 (verbal): Immediate parallel within the Tyre lament: another line naming Damascus (Aram) as a merchant for Tyre and mentioning its wares—repeating the catalogue pattern and similar wording about Damascus' trade.
- Ezekiel 27:23 (structural): Another entry in the chapter's catalogue of Tyre's trading partners (Arabia and Kedar); parallels the present verse structurally as one item in the wider list specifying foreign partners and the particular goods they supplied.
- Ezekiel 26:1-14 (thematic): Earlier oracle against Tyre that focuses on Tyre's maritime commerce and wealth; thematically parallels 27:18 by treating Tyre's international trade network and its coming judgment.
- Isaiah 23:8-9 (thematic): Isaiah's oracle on Tyre emphasizes the city's extensive trade and the high status of its merchants ('merchants are princes'), paralleling Ezekiel's depiction of Tyre as a wealthy, internationally connected trading hub (as in the mention of Damascus' trade).
Alternative generated candidates
- Damascus was your merchant because of the abundance of goods—wine of Helbon and white wool.
- Damascus was your merchant because of the multitude of your wealth: with the wine of Helbon, fine white wool and purple they gave for your merchandise.
Eze.27.19 - Details
Translation
Original Text
Morphology
- ודן: CONJ+NOUN,prop,m,sg,abs
- ויון: CONJ+NOUN,prop,m,sg,abs
- מאוזל: NOUN,prop,m,sg,abs
- בעזבוניך: PREP+NOUN,m,sg,abs+PRON,2,ms
- נתנו: VERB,qal,perf,3,pl
- ברזל: NOUN,m,sg,abs
- עשות: VERB,qal,inf
- קדה: NOUN,m,sg,abs
- וקנה: CONJ+NOUN,f,sg,abs
- במערבך: PREP+NOUN,m,sg,abs+PRON,2,ms
- היה: VERB,qal,perf,3,m,sg
Parallels
- Ezekiel 27:17 (structural): Same chapter’s catalogue of Tyre’s trading partners (here Judah and Israel); parallels 27:19’s listing of nations (Dan and Javan) as merchants in Tyre’s market.
- Isaiah 23:8 (thematic): Isaiah’s lament on Tyre emphasizes its wide maritime commerce and merchants trading with many nations, echoing Ezekiel’s portrayal of Tyre’s extensive trading network.
- 1 Kings 10:22 (thematic): Solomon’s wealth and the sea-going trade (ships of Tarshish bringing ivory, apes, peacocks, gold and silver) parallels the image of extensive nautical commerce and exotic commodities central to Ezekiel 27.
- Genesis 10:4 (verbal): Lists Javan among the seafaring descendants of Japheth; this genealogical identification supports Ezekiel’s reference to Javan as a maritime trading people.
- Genesis 49:16 (allusion): Mentions Dan as one of Israel’s tribes; while Genesis does not depict Dan as a merchant, the tribal identity helps explain Ezekiel’s naming of Dan among foreign trading partners in the Tyrian market.
Alternative generated candidates
- Dan and Javan from the isles gave your merchandise—iron vessels, cassia, and calamus were in your market.
- Dan and Javan of Uzal were in your market; they gave iron and bronze goods for your merchandise.
Eze.27.20 - Details
Translation
Original Text
Morphology
- דדן: NOUN,m,sg,abs
- רכלתך: NOUN,f,sg,abs
- בבגדי: PREP+NOUN,m,pl,cstr
- חפש: NOUN,m,sg,abs
- לרכבה: PREP+NOUN,m,sg,abs+SUFF,3,f,sg
Parallels
- Ezekiel 27:12 (verbal): Uses the same merchant-formula ('was thy merchant') in the Tyrian trade list; parallels the role assigned to various trading partners.
- Ezekiel 27:21 (structural): Adjacent item in the catalogue of Tyre's trading partners—like v.20 it names specific nations as merchants supplying luxury goods.
- Ezekiel 38:13 (thematic): Mentions 'Sheba and Dedan' with the merchants of Tarshish—again portraying Dedan as a trading/caravan group involved with international commerce.
- Isaiah 21:13 (allusion): Addresses Dedan as a caravan/traveling company in Arabia ('O ye travelling companies of Dedan'), reflecting their reputation as traders.
- Genesis 25:3 (allusion): Genealogical mention of Dedan (son of Jokshan) that identifies the people/nation called Dedan who appear as merchants in later prophetic texts.
Alternative generated candidates
- Dedan was your merchant in saddlecloths for riding.
- Dedan was your trader in the clothing for chariots.
Eze.27.21 - Details
Translation
Original Text
Morphology
- ערב: NOUN,m,sg,abs
- וכל: CONJ+PRON,indef
- נשיאי: NOUN,m,pl,const
- קדר: NOUN,prop,m,sg,abs
- המה: PRON,3,m,pl
- סחרי: NOUN,m,pl,const
- ידך: NOUN,f,sg,abs,poss:2,f,sg
- בכרים: PREP+NOUN,m,pl,abs
- ואילים: CONJ+NOUN,m,pl,abs
- ועתודים: CONJ+NOUN,m,pl,abs
- בם: PREP+PRON,3,m,pl
- סחריך: NOUN,m,pl,abs+2ms
Parallels
- Ezekiel 27:22 (structural): Immediate continuation of the Tyre lament listing other Arabian trading partners (Dedan, Tema) — the same cataloguing of nations who traded with Tyre.
- Isaiah 23:8 (thematic): Speaks of Tyre's merchants as 'princes' and honorable traders of the earth, echoing the theme of wide international commerce and elite trading partners.
- Jeremiah 49:28-29 (thematic): Oracle against Kedar describing their tents, flocks and camels — connects Kedar with pastoral wealth and Arabian nomads who could be trading livestock.
- Genesis 25:13 (allusion): Genealogical note that Kedar is a son of Ishmael — background identification of Kedar as an Arabian tribe, the group named as Tyre’s traders in Ezekiel 27:21.
- Isaiah 60:6 (thematic): Images of Arabian caravans bringing camels, flocks and trade goods to Israel — parallels the motif of Arabian regions supplying animals and merchandise in long‑distance trade.
Alternative generated candidates
- Arabia and all the princes of Kedar were your traders in rams, he-goats, and flocks; these were your trade.
- Arabia and all the princes of Kedar were your traders in rams, goats and male sheep; they were your dealers in these.
Eze.27.22 - Details
Translation
Original Text
Morphology
- רכלי: NOUN,m,pl,cons
- שבא: NOUN,m,sg,abs
- ורעמה: CONJ+NOUN,f,sg,abs
- המה: PRON,3,m,pl
- רכליך: NOUN,m,pl,abs,2ms
- בראש: PREP+NOUN,m,sg,cstr
- כל: DET
- בשם: PREP+NOUN,m,sg,abs
- ובכל: CONJ+PREP
- אבן: NOUN,f,sg,abs
- יקרה: VERB,qal,perf,3,f,sg
- וזהב: CONJ+NOUN,m,sg,abs
- נתנו: VERB,qal,perf,3,pl
- עזבוניך: NOUN,m,pl,abs,2ms
Parallels
- Ezekiel 27:24 (verbal): Within the same Tyre-trade catalogue; repeats the list of foreign merchants (including Sheba) and their wares—directly parallel in vocabulary and function.
- Ezekiel 38:13 (allusion): Mentions Sheba and Dedan and the merchants of Tarshish asking about trade—echoes the presence of Sheba as a trading partner in Ezekiel's Tyre oracle.
- 1 Kings 10:1–2,10 (thematic): The Queen of Sheba brings gold, spices and precious stones to Solomon—parallels the depiction of Sheba as a source of gold, spices and costly goods in Ezekiel's trade list.
- Psalm 72:10 (verbal): Explicitly names the kings of Sheba (and Seba) as bringers of gifts—parallels the motif of Sheba supplying tribute and luxury goods to a wealthy city/ruler.
- Revelation 18:11–13 (structural): Lists merchants mourning the fall of a great commercial city and catalogs luxury commodities (gold, precious stones, spices, etc.), structurally echoing Ezekiel's inventory of Tyre's trading goods and partners.
Alternative generated candidates
- The traders of Sheba and Raamah were your merchants—chief of the merchants—and with the chief of all spices and every precious stone and gold they gave your merchandise.
- The merchants of Sheba and Raamah were your traders—chief of the nations— they gave for your merchandise every precious stone and gold.
Eze.27.23 - Details
Translation
Original Text
Morphology
- חרן: NOUN,m,sg,abs
- וכנה: NOUN,m,sg,abs
- ועדן: NOUN,m,sg,abs
- רכלי: NOUN,m,pl,cons
- שבא: NOUN,m,sg,abs
- אשור: NOUN,prop,m,sg,abs
- כלמד: NOUN,m,sg,abs
- רכלתך: NOUN,f,sg,abs
Parallels
- Ezekiel 27:12 (verbal): Neighbor verse in the same merchants' catalogue: names other trading partners of Tyre (Tarshish, the isles) and uses the same market/merchant vocabulary.
- Ezekiel 27:24-25 (structural): Direct continuation of the roster of foreign traders; the list format and theme of Tyre's international commerce persist across these verses.
- Ezekiel 26:14-21 (thematic): Prophecy of Tyre's destruction that provides the context for the lament in ch.27—loss of trade and mourning of merchants is the predicted consequence.
- Isaiah 23:6-8 (thematic): Isaiah's lament over Tyre similarly emphasizes its role as a great trading port and the mourning of distant merchants at its ruin, echoing Ezekiel's concern with international commerce.
- Revelation 18:11-19 (allusion): New Testament lament over Babylon's fall—merchants mourn the loss of markets and luxury goods—echoes the motif of international traders grieving a fallen commercial center found in Ezek.27.
Alternative generated candidates
- Haran, Canneh, and Eden—traders of Sheba; Asshur was your trader, both it and the merchants of Kilmad.
- Haran and Kanneh and Eden— the merchants of Sheba— Asshur and Chilmad were your traders.
Eze.27.24 - Details
Translation
Original Text
Morphology
- המה: PRON,3,m,pl
- רכליך: NOUN,m,pl,abs,poss2f
- במכללים: PREP+NOUN,m,pl,abs
- בגלומי: PREP+NOUN,m,pl,cons
- תכלת: NOUN,f,sg,abs
- ורקמה: NOUN,f,sg,abs
- ובגנזי: CONJ+PREP+NOUN,m,pl,cons
- ברמים: PREP+NOUN,m,pl,abs
- בחבלים: PREP+NOUN,m,pl,abs
- חבשים: NOUN,m,pl,abs
- וארזים: CONJ+NOUN,m,pl,abs
- במרכלתך: PREP+NOUN,f,sg,abs,poss2f
Parallels
- Ezekiel 27:12 (structural): Part of the same merchant-list motif—names Tarshish as a principal merchant and enumerates commodities (silver, iron, tin, lead) traded with Tyre, paralleling v.24’s listing of luxury goods and trading partners.
- Ezekiel 27:13 (structural): Continues the catalogue of foreign trading partners (Javan, Tubal, Meshech) and their specific trafficked commodities (slaves, bronze), paralleling v.24’s itemized trade goods and international commerce theme.
- Exodus 28:6–8 (verbal): Describes priestly garments ‘of blue, purple, and embroidery’ (Heb. techelet, rekamah), using the same technical vocabulary as Ezek.27:24’s mention of blue and embroidered textiles—verbal/material parallel concerning luxury/ritual cloths.
- Isaiah 23:8–10 (thematic): Laments Tyre’s mercantile role as ‘the merchant of the peoples’ and its wealth derived from international trade, thematically echoing Ezek.27:24’s depiction of Tyre’s luxury exports and global commerce.
- 1 Kings 10:22 (thematic): Speaks of the navy of Tarshish and the import/export of luxury items (gold, silver, exotic wares) in Solomon’s era—parallels Ezek.27:24’s portrayal of maritime trade in high-value textiles and goods.
Alternative generated candidates
- These were your merchants in all kinds of goods in purple and embroidered cloth, in chests of multicolored linen and broidered work, in cords, and in sacks of beechwood and cedar.
- They were your merchants in multicolored garments of blue and embroidery, in chests of many kinds, with ropes of hemp and cedarwood in your market.
Eze.27.25 - Details
Translation
Original Text
Morphology
- אניות: NOUN,f,pl,abs
- תרשיש: NOUN,m,sg,abs
- שרותיך: NOUN,f,pl,abs+PRON,2,fs
- מערבך: PREP+NOUN,m,sg,abs+PRON,2,fs
- ותמלאי: VERB,qal,impf,2,f,sg
- ותכבדי: VERB,qal,impf,2,f,sg
- מאד: ADV
- בלב: PREP+NOUN,m,sg,abs
- ימים: NOUN,m,pl,abs
Parallels
- Isaiah 23:1 (verbal): Uses the identical phrase 'ships of Tarshish' in a lament for a great port city (Tyre), echoing the maritime imagery and loss of trade.
- Jonah 1:3 (verbal): Mentions Tarshish as a destination reached by ship, reflecting the biblical association of Tarshish with long‑distance sea voyages and seafaring commerce.
- 1 Kings 10:22 (thematic): Describes the ships of Tarshish bringing luxury goods (gold, silver, ivory, apes, peacocks) — parallels the depiction of Tarshish ships as carriers of valuable trade.
- Revelation 18:11-17 (thematic): Portrays the merchants' lament over the fall of a great trading city; thematically parallels Ezekiel's lament for Tyre and its maritime prosperity and loss.
- Ezekiel 27:12 (structural): Within the same lament chapter, this verse also lists Tarshish among Tyre's trading partners, reinforcing the chapter's catalog of maritime commerce.
Alternative generated candidates
- The ships of Tarshish were your carriers to bring you out far; you were filled and made very glorious in the heart of the seas.
- The ships of Tarshish were your carriers to bring you from far; you were filled and made very glorious in the heart of the seas.
Eze.27.26 - Details
Translation
Original Text
Morphology
- במים: PREP
- רבים: ADJ,m,pl,abs
- הביאוך: VERB,hif,perf,3,pl
- השטים: NOUN,m,pl,def
- אתך: PREP+PRON,2,m,sg
- רוח: NOUN,f,sg,abs
- הקדים: VERB,hiph,perf,3,pl
- שברך: VERB,qal,perf,3,sg
- בלב: PREP+NOUN,m,sg,abs
- ימים: NOUN,m,pl,abs
Parallels
- Ezekiel 26:19-21 (structural): Same oracle against Tyre—continues the prophecy of maritime commerce and the city's destruction by sea, closely related in context and imagery to 27:26.
- Isaiah 23:8 (thematic): Isaiah's oracle on Tyre emphasizes its merchants and seafaring wealth; parallels the depiction of merchants and Tyre's vulnerability to sea-borne forces.
- Jonah 1:4 (thematic): God sends a violent wind that endangers a ship—echoes the motif of a destructive wind striking vessels in the sea (paralleling the east wind that breaks Tyre).
- Acts 27:14-20 (thematic): Account of a sudden tempestuous wind wrecking a ship and threatening sailors—New Testament parallel to the image of wind breaking ships in Ezekiel's oracle.
- Psalm 107:23-30 (thematic): Sailors endangered by a storm and God's power over winds and waves; shares maritime-storm imagery and the theme of seafaring peril found in Ezek. 27:26.
Alternative generated candidates
- Your rowers brought you into many waters; the east wind broke you in the heart of the seas.
- The mariners brought you into many waters; the east wind broke you in the heart of the seas.
Eze.27.27 - Details
Translation
Original Text
Morphology
- הונך: NOUN,m,sg,abs,2ms
- ועזבוניך: CONJ+NOUN,m,pl,abs,2ms
- מערבך: NOUN,m,sg,abs,2ms
- מלחיך: NOUN,m,sg,abs,2ms
- וחבליך: CONJ+NOUN,m,pl,abs,2ms
- מחזיקי: PART,qal,ptc,m,pl,cons
- בדקך: NOUN,m,sg,abs,2ms
- וערבי: CONJ+NOUN,m,pl,abs
- מערבך: NOUN,m,sg,abs,2ms
- וכל: CONJ+PRON,indef
- אנשי: NOUN,m,pl,cons
- מלחמתך: NOUN,f,sg,abs,2ms
- אשר: PRON,rel
- בך: PREP+PRON,2,m,sg
- ובכל: CONJ+PREP
- קהלך: NOUN,m,sg,abs,2ms
- אשר: PRON,rel
- בתוכך: PREP,2,m,sg
- יפלו: VERB,qal,imperfect,3,m,pl
- בלב: PREP+NOUN,m,sg,abs
- ימים: NOUN,m,pl,abs
- ביום: PREP
- מפלתך: NOUN,f,sg,abs,pr2ms
Parallels
- Ezekiel 27:25 (structural): Same lament-oracle for Tyre immediately before v.27; mentions Tyre’s rowers and seafaring strength (‘thy rowers have brought thee into great waters’), connecting the theme of mariners and sea-borne commerce.
- Ezekiel 26:12 (allusion): Earlier prophecy against Tyre predicts spoil of her merchandise and destruction of her maritime infrastructure—parallels the collapse of Tyre’s merchants, sailors, and trading community in 27:27.
- Isaiah 23:8-9 (thematic): Isaiah’s lament over Tyre highlights her traders, shipmen, and mercantile wealth (‘their merchandise and their hire’) and anticipates ruin—parallel theme of a seafaring commercial city devastated.
- Revelation 18:17-19 (thematic): The mourning of merchants and shipmasters over the fall of Babylon in Revelation (they stand at a distance and lament that no one buys their cargoes) echoes the image of merchants, mariners, and trading communities falling in the day of the city’s destruction.
Alternative generated candidates
- Your wealth, your merchandise, your mariners and pilots, your shipwrights and all your company who work for you, and every troop that is within you, shall fall into the heart of the seas in the day of your fall.
- Your wealth and merchandise, your sailors and mariners, your oarsmen and shipwrights—and all your company who are in you—shall fall into the heart of the seas in the day of your fall.
Eze.27.28 - Details
Translation
Original Text
Morphology
- לקול: PREP+NOUN,m,sg,abs
- זעקת: NOUN,f,sg,cons
- חבליך: NOUN,m,pl,abs+2ms
- ירעשו: VERB,qal,impf,3,m,pl
- מגרשות: PART,qal,part,-,f,pl,abs
Parallels
- Isaiah 23:1 (verbal): Isaiah's lament over Tyre begins with a cry to the ships ("Wail, O ships of Tarshish"), paralleling Ezekiel's imagery of maritime mourning and the wide impact of Tyre's fall on the coasts.
- Ezekiel 26:15-18 (structural): Earlier oracle against Tyre predicts its destruction and the trembling of the nations and coasts at its downfall; closely related context and motif of ships, sailors, and coastal shock.
- Psalm 107:23-30 (thematic): Psalm recounts seafarers crying out in danger and the turmoil of sea and shores, echoing the motif of sailors' cries provoking trembling and divine/communal upheaval.
- Nahum 1:5 (allusion): God's coming is pictured as causing mountains to quake and hills to tremble—language of cosmic and coastal trembling similar to the coastlands' reaction to the sailors' cry in Ezekiel.
Alternative generated candidates
- The sound of your pilots’ cry shall be heard at the casting of anchors.
- At the sound of the cry of your pilots the market-places will be shaken.
Eze.27.29 - Details
Translation
Original Text
Morphology
- וירדו: VERB,qal,wayyiqtol,3,m,pl
- מאניותיהם: PREP+NOUN,f,pl,def
- כל: DET
- תפשי: NOUN,m,pl,abs
- משוט: NOUN,m,sg,abs
- מלחים: NOUN,m,pl,abs
- כל: DET
- חבלי: NOUN,m,pl,construct
- הים: NOUN,m,sg,abs,def
- אל: NEG
- הארץ: NOUN,f,sg,def
- יעמדו: VERB,qal,impf,3,m,pl
Parallels
- Ezekiel 27:28 (verbal): Immediate context in the Tyre-lament: speaks of rowers, mariners and ships broken in the sea—same maritime vocabulary and portrayal of sailors thrown into distress.
- Revelation 18:17-19 (allusion): A later lament over a great trading city (Babylon) in which shipmasters, sailors and those who trade by sea stand off and mourn—parallels the image of seafaring communities witnessing a city's ruin and abandoning their normal work.
- Isaiah 23:1-8 (thematic): Lament over Tyre (ships of Tarshish): calls for wailing over the loss of maritime commerce and the downfall of a port city—shares the theme of seafaring disaster and collapsed trade.
- Psalm 107:23-30 (thematic): Describes those who go down to the sea in ships, are in great peril and at their wits' end before being brought to shore—uses similar imagery of sailors in distress and arriving on land.
- Jonah 1:5-7 (thematic): Mariners terrified by a storm, crying out and casting cargo—evokes the panic and dislocation of sailors in crisis, akin to the mariners abandoning their oars/ships in Ezekiel's lament.
Alternative generated candidates
- And all who handle the oar shall come down from their ships; they shall stand upon the land.
- And they will come down from their ships— all the seamen that handle the oar— and they will stand upon the land.
Eze.27.30 - Details
Translation
Original Text
Morphology
- והשמיעו: VERB,hiphil,perf,3,m,pl
- עליך: PREP+2ms
- בקולם: PREP+NOUN,m,sg,abs+PRON,3,pl
- ויזעקו: VERB,qal,wayyiqtol,3,m,pl
- מרה: NOUN,m,sg,abs
- ויעלו: VERB,qal,perf,3,m,pl
- עפר: NOUN,m,sg,abs
- על: PREP
- ראשיהם: NOUN,m,pl,abs,3,m,pl
- באפר: PREP+NOUN,m,sg,abs
- יתפלשו: VERB,hitpael,impf,3,m,pl
Parallels
- Job 2:12-13 (verbal): Friends lifted up their voices, wept, and sprinkled dust upon their heads—same gesture of casting dust and mourning silently alongside the afflicted (similar motif of dust on head and public lament).
- Lamentations 2:10 (verbal): “They have cast up dust upon their heads” and girded with sackcloth—very close verbal/thematic parallel of public mourning by throwing dust on the head and wallowing in sorrow.
- Jeremiah 6:26 (verbal): “Gird you with sackcloth, roll in ashes” —explicit language of wallowing in ashes and ritualized mourning that echoes the phrase באפר יתפלשו (they will wallow in ashes).
- Isaiah 22:12-13 (thematic): A public summons to weeping, mourning, baldness and sackcloth—shares the broader theme of communal lament and bitter cries employed in response to disaster, paralleling Ezekiel’s description of bitter wailing.
Alternative generated candidates
- They shall lift up their voice against you and cry bitterly; they shall cast up dust upon their heads and wallow themselves in the ashes.
- They will lift up a cry against you and lament bitterly; they will throw dust on their heads and roll themselves in ashes.
Eze.27.31 - Details
Translation
Original Text
Morphology
- והקריחו: VERB,hiphil,perf,3,m,pl
- אליך: PREP+PRON,2,m,sg
- קרחה: NOUN,f,sg,abs
- וחגרו: VERB,qal,perf,3,m,pl
- שקים: NOUN,m,pl,abs
- ובכו: VERB,qal,perf,3,m,pl
- אליך: PREP+PRON,2,m,sg
- במר: PREP+ADJ,m,sg
- נפש: NOUN,f,sg,abs
- מספד: NOUN,m,sg,abs
- מר: NOUN,m,sg,abs
Parallels
- Isaiah 22:12 (verbal): Uses the same ritual vocabulary—call to weeping and mourning, baldness (shaving), and girding with sackcloth—linking public lamentation practices to catastrophe.
- Joel 1:8 (verbal): Invokes mourning rites (girded with sackcloth, lamentation) for a lost beloved/land, thematically paralleling Tyre’s professional mourners and ritual grief.
- Jeremiah 48:36-37 (thematic): In the lament for Moab heads are made bald and faces disgraced—parallel imagery of shaving/baldness and public humiliation in mourning over a fallen nation.
- 2 Samuel 3:31 (thematic): Describes public mourning enacted by putting on sackcloth and tearing garments after a prominent death—comparable ritual expressions of grief and communal lament.
Alternative generated candidates
- They shall shave themselves for you, and make themselves bald; they shall gird themselves with sackcloth and lament over you with bitter lamentation.
- They will make themselves bald for you, they will gird themselves with sackcloth, and lament over you with bitter mourning.
Eze.27.32 - Details
Translation
Original Text
Morphology
- ונשאו: VERB,qal,perf,3,m,pl
- אליך: PREP+PRON,2,m,sg
- בניהם: NOUN,m,pl,abs+3,pl
- קינה: NOUN,f,sg,abs
- וקוננו: VERB,qal,perf,3,m,pl
- עליך: PREP+2ms
- מי: PRON,interr,sg
- כצור: PREP+NOUN,prop,sg
- כדמה: PREP+NOUN,prop,sg
- בתוך: PREP
- הים: NOUN,m,sg,abs,def
Parallels
- Ezekiel 26:19-21 (thematic): Earlier oracle against Tyre announcing its overthrow and the astonishment of nations—same theme of Tyre's destruction and international lament over a city ‘in the midst of the sea.’
- Ezekiel 27:36 (structural): Immediate continuation of the Tyre-lament cycle in the same chapter: lists kings and merchants who are amazed and take up lamentation over Tyre, echoing the ritual mourning language of v.32.
- Isaiah 23:1-8 (thematic): Prophecy against Tyre (the ‘burden of Tyre’) with maritime imagery and a call for wailing—’Wail, ye ships of Tarshish’—parallel lament formula and the question of the city’s uniqueness and downfall.
- Ezekiel 28:12-19 (thematic): Oracle against the king (and by extension the city) of Tyre describing pride, downfall, and destruction—provides theological background for the lament and mirrors motifs of ruin and mourning.
- Amos 5:1 (verbal): Uses the prophetic literary label ‘a lamentation’ (קִינָה) as the formula for announcing mourning over a people/city—parallels the phrasing ‘they shall take up a lamentation’ used in Ezek. 27:32.
Alternative generated candidates
- And they shall take up a lamentation for you, and say to you, “What city is like Tyre, like the destroyed one in the midst of the sea?”
- And they will take up a lamentation for you and say: 'What city is like Tyre, wrecked in the midst of the sea?
Eze.27.33 - Details
Translation
Original Text
Morphology
- בצאת: PREP+VERB,qal,infc
- עזבוניך: NOUN,m,pl,abs
- מימים: PREP+NOUN,m,pl,abs
- השבעת: VERB,hiph,perf,2,m,sg
- עמים: NOUN,pl,m,abs
- רבים: ADJ,m,pl,abs
- ברב: PREP+NOUN,m,sg,abs
- הוניך: NOUN,m,pl,abs
- ומערביך: CONJ
- העשרת: VERB,hiph,perf,2,m,sg
- מלכי: NOUN,pl,m,cons
- ארץ: NOUN,f,sg,abs
Parallels
- Isaiah 23:8-9 (verbal): Isaiah’s oracle about Tyre likewise emphasizes its maritime commerce, merchant-princes and presence on all coasts—parallel language about ships, merchants and Tyre’s wealth reaching many peoples.
- Ezekiel 28:4-5 (thematic): A related Ezekiel passage links the wisdom/skill and trading activity of Tyre’s ruler to amassed riches—echoing the theme that commerce produced great wealth and influence.
- Revelation 18:11-13 (allusion): The Lukan–Johannine vision laments merchants who grew rich from a great city’s trade and lists luxury goods; it echoes the motif of commerce enriching kings and nations and mourning when that trade collapses.
- Ezekiel 27:12 (structural): Within the same chapter a catalogue of trading partners (e.g., Tarshish) and their dealings with Tyre parallels 27:33’s claim that Tyre’s exports fed many peoples and enriched rulers—an internal, structural parallel.
Alternative generated candidates
- When your merchandise went out of the seas you satisfied many peoples; with your great wealth you enriched the kings of the earth.
- 'When your merchandise went out from the seas you satisfied many peoples; with the abundance of your wealth and merchandise you enriched the kings of the earth.'
Eze.27.34 - Details
Translation
Original Text
Morphology
- עת: NOUN,f,sg,cons
- נשברת: VERB,niphal,perf,2,f,sg
- מימים: PREP+NOUN,m,pl,abs
- במעמקי: PREP+NOUN,m,pl,cons
- מים: NOUN,m,pl,abs
- מערבך: PREP+NOUN,m,sg,abs+SUF,2,m,sg
- וכל: CONJ+PRON,indef
- קהלך: NOUN,m,sg,abs+SUF,2,m,sg
- בתוכך: PREP,2,m,sg
- נפלו: VERB,qal,perf,3,m,pl
Parallels
- Ezekiel 26:20-21 (verbal): Both passages portray Tyre's destruction by the sea and the casting down of its people into the depths; very similar maritime imagery and language of being thrown into the sea.
- Ezekiel 27:32-36 (structural): Immediate continuation of the same lament/oracle: merchants, company, and inhabitants mourn and are overwhelmed—same scene and themes of sunk merchandise and fallen populace.
- Isaiah 23:8-14 (thematic): Isaiah's oracle against Tyre likewise describes the ruin of a great trading city and the lament of merchants and nations—shared theme of a maritime commercial city's collapse.
- Revelation 18:11-19 (allusion): Revelation's account of Babylon's fall features merchants weeping over lost trade and sudden desolation of a great commercial center, echoing the lament-for-merchants motif found in Ezekiel's Tyre-oracle.
Alternative generated candidates
- Now you are broken by the sea in the depths of the waters; your merchandise and all your company in the midst of you have fallen.
- Now when you are broken by the seas in the depths of the waters, your merchandise and all your company within you shall fall.
Eze.27.35 - Details
Translation
Original Text
Morphology
- כל: DET
- ישבי: NOUN,m,pl,cons
- האיים: NOUN,m,pl,def
- שממו: VERB,qal,perf,3,m,pl
- עליך: PREP+2ms
- ומלכיהם: CONJ+NOUN,m,pl,abs,poss,3,m,pl
- שערו: NOUN,m,sg,abs,poss,3,m,sg
- שער: NOUN,m,sg,abs
- רעמו: VERB,qal,perf,3,m,pl
- פנים: NOUN,m,pl,abs
Parallels
- Ezekiel 27:30 (structural): Same lament over Tyre in immediate context: nations, merchants and seafarers react with horror and derision—repeating the motif of islands and kings being appalled.
- Ezekiel 26:17 (thematic): Earlier oracle against Tyre—nations and seafaring peoples raise a lament over her destruction; shares the theme of widespread consternation at Tyre’s fall.
- Isaiah 23:8 (thematic): Oracle concerning Tyre/Tarshish: ships and distant coastal peoples are called to mourn—parallel theme of island/sea peoples struck with shame and dismay.
- Revelation 18:17-19 (allusion): Lament over the fall of a great trading city (Babylon): kings, shipmasters and merchants stand aloof and mourn—echoes the prophetic tradition of maritime powers and rulers appalled at a mercantile city’s destruction.
Alternative generated candidates
- All the inhabitants of the islands are astonished at you; their kings are terrified; their faces are filled with trembling.
- All the inhabitants of the islands will be astonished at you, and their kings will be struck with dread; their faces shall be confounded.
Eze.27.36 - Details
Translation
Original Text
Morphology
- סחרים: NOUN,m,pl,abs
- בעמים: PREP+NOUN,m,pl,abs
- שרקו: VERB,qal,perf,3,m,pl
- עליך: PREP+2ms
- בלהות: PREP+NOUN,f,sg,abs
- היית: VERB,qal,perf,2,m,sg
- ואינך: CONJ+PART_NEG+PRON,2,m,sg
- עד: PREP
- עולם: NOUN,m,sg,abs
Parallels
- Lamentations 2:15 (verbal): Both passages use the image of passersby hissing at a fallen city (’they hiss and wag their head’), conveying public scorn and humiliation.
- Ezekiel 26:21 (structural): Part of the same Tyre oracle; both verses proclaim Tyre’s utter end—’I will make thee a terror, and thou shalt be no more’—echoing the idea that she ‘ceased to be forever.’
- Revelation 18:11-19 (thematic): The merchants’ lament over the collapse of a great trading city in Revelation parallels Ezekiel’s depiction of merchants’ role in Tyre’s prosperity and the mourning and derision that follow its fall.
- Isaiah 23:8-9 (thematic): Isaiah’s oracle against Tyre emphasizes its merchant class (‘whose merchants were princes’) and anticipates humiliation and silence, thematically parallel to Ezekiel’s focus on merchants’ scorn and Tyre’s demise.
Alternative generated candidates
- Merchants among the nations hiss at you; you have come to be a horror and shall be no more forever.
- Merchants among the peoples will hiss at you; you have come to be a horror, and you shall be no more forever.
And the word of the LORD came to me, saying:
Son of man, raise a lamentation for Tyre. And say to Tyre, you who sit at the entrance of the sea, merchant of the peoples to many islands: Thus says the LORD GOD—You have said, 'I am of perfect beauty.'
In the heart of the seas are your bounds; your builders perfected your beauty.
From Senir came timbers to make all your planking; cedars from Lebanon they took to make your masts.
Oaks of Bashan were your oars; your deck was made of ivory from the isles of Chittim.
Embroidered linen from Egypt was your sail to be your banner; blue and purple from the isles of Elishah were your awnings.
The inhabitants of Sidon and Arvad were your mariners; your wise men, O Tyre, were in you—they were your pilots.
The elders of Gebal and its experienced men were in you to steady your timbers; all the ships of the sea and their sailors were in you to do your business.
Persia, Lud and Put were in your army; men of war—shield and helmet—were hung on you; they gave you strength for the way.
The sons of Arvad and your warriors were upon your walls round about; the Gamites were in your towers. Their shields hung upon your walls round about; they completed your beauty.
Tarshish was your trade for wealth of every kind—silver, iron, tin and lead—they were your exchange.
Javan, Tubal and Meshech were your merchants in human lives and in bronze implements; they gave these for your merchandise.
From the house of Togarmah came horses, horsemen and mules for your market.
The men of Dedan were your traders; many islands were the trade of your hand. They brought you ivory tusks and ebony for your wares.
Damascus was your trader by reason of the abundance of your goods—purple and embroidered cloth, carpets, goatskins and rams' skins—they gave these as your merchandise.
Judah and the land of Israel were your merchants in wheat of Minnith, in honey, oil and balm; they gave these for your market.
Damascus was your trade in many products, in abundant riches—wine of Helbon, white wool and fine cloth were in your cargo.
Dan and Javan from Uzal were among your traders; they gave ironwork, cassia and calamus for your market.
Dedan was your trader in saddlecloths for riding.
Arabia and all the princes of Kedar were your traders in rams, lambs and goats; these were in your commerce.
The merchants of Sheba and Raamah were your traders—chief of all spices—and every precious stone and gold they gave for your wares.
Haran, Canneh and Eden, the merchants of Sheba, Asshur and Chilmad were your traders.
They were your traders in fine inlaid work, in blue and embroidered cloth, in chests of multicolored yarn; with cords and fine linen and cedar they were in your market.
The ships of Tarshish were your servants for your commerce; you were filled and made very glorious in the heart of the seas.
In many waters your mariners brought you; the east wind broke you in the heart of the seas.
Your wealth and your merchandise, your mariners and your pilots, the wreckers of your sea and all the men of war who are in you, and all your company who are in your midst, shall fall into the heart of the seas on the day of your ruin.
At the sound of the cry of your pilots the coasts will be shaken. And they shall come down from their ships—every pilot of the oar, every sailor of the sea—they shall stand upon the land.
They shall raise a cry against you and howl bitterly; they shall cast up dust upon their heads and wallow in ashes.
They shall shave themselves for you and gird themselves with sackcloth; they shall mourn over you with bitterness and bitter lamentation.
They will take up a dirge for you and lament over you, saying, 'Who is like Tyre, like the ruined one in the midst of the sea?'
When your wares went forth from the seas you satisfied many peoples; by your great riches and your merchandise you enriched the kings of the earth. Now that you are broken by the seas in the depths of the waters, your merchandise and all your company in you have fallen.
All the inhabitants of the islands are appalled at you, and their kings are horribly dismayed; their faces are disfigured.
The merchants among the peoples hiss at you; you have become a horror and shall be no more forever.