Clean and Unclean Animals
Leviticus 11:1-47
Lev.11.1 - Details
Translation
Original Text
Morphology
- וידבר: VERB,qal,impf,3,m,sg
- יהוה: NOUN,prop,m,sg,abs
- אל: NEG
- משה: NOUN,prop,m,sg,abs
- ואל: CONJ+PREP
- אהרן: NOUN,m,sg,abs
- לאמר: INF,qal,infc
- אלהם: PREP+PRON,3,m,pl
Parallels
- Lev.1:1 (structural): Same narrative formula introducing a block of cultic/priestly legislation: 'And the LORD called unto Moses, and spoke unto him, saying...'. Both verses mark divine instruction to Moses (and priests).
- Lev.4:1 (verbal): Uses the identical wording 'And the LORD spake unto Moses, saying...' to introduce laws (here on sin offerings), showing the recurring divine-speech formula that frames Levitical legislation.
- Num.15:1 (verbal): Begins with 'And the LORD spake unto Moses, saying...' to introduce communal sacrificial regulations; parallels the pattern of God addressing Moses (and Aaron) with legal material.
- Exod.6:2 (verbal): 'And God spake unto Moses, and said unto him...' — an earlier instance of divine address to Moses that establishes the same theophanic-authoritative voice behind later legal speeches.
- Deut.5:4 (thematic): 'The LORD talked with you face to face on the mount'—thematic parallel about direct divine revelation to Israel's leaders/people, underscoring the authoritative source of the laws introduced in Lev 11:1.
Alternative generated candidates
- And the LORD spoke to Moses and to Aaron, saying to them,
- And the LORD spoke to Moses and to Aaron, saying to them,
Lev.11.2 - Details
Translation
Original Text
Morphology
- דברו: INF,qal,inf+3ms
- אל: NEG
- בני: NOUN,m,pl,construct
- ישראל: NOUN,m,sg,abs
- לאמר: INF,qal,infc
- זאת: DEM,f,sg
- החיה: NOUN,f,sg,def
- אשר: PRON,rel
- תאכלו: VERB,qal,impf,2,mp
- מכל: PREP
- הבהמה: NOUN,f,sg,def
- אשר: PRON,rel
- על: PREP
- הארץ: NOUN,f,sg,def
Parallels
- Deuteronomy 14:4-8 (verbal): Repeats the dietary-list formula (“These are the animals you may eat”) and largely restates the same distinctions between clean and unclean land animals.
- Leviticus 11:46-47 (structural): Closely connected within the same chapter; frames the legislation by declaring it a statute to distinguish between clean and unclean animals and people.
- Genesis 9:3-4 (thematic): Provides an earlier, broader permission to eat animals after the Flood while also introducing an early prohibition concerning blood — a theme that the Levitical laws later systematize.
- Daniel 1:8-16 (thematic): Narrates observance of Israelite dietary practice in exile (Daniel refusing the king’s food), illustrating practical application and identity-marker function of food laws rooted in Leviticus.
- Acts 10:9-16 (allusion): Peter’s vision of clean and unclean animals directly engages the Levitical clean/unclean categories (cf. Lev. 11) and reinterprets them in the early Christian context.
Alternative generated candidates
- Speak to the Israelites, saying: These are the creatures that you shall eat among all the beasts that are on the earth:
- Speak to the sons of Israel, saying, These are the animals that you shall eat from among all the beasts that are on the earth:
Lev.11.3 - Details
Translation
Original Text
Morphology
- כל: DET
- מפרסת: VERB,qal,ptcp,f,sg
- פרסה: NOUN,f,sg,abs
- ושסעת: VERB,qal,ptcp,f,sg
- שסע: VERB,qal,inf
- פרסת: VERB,qal,perf,2,m,sg
- מעלת: VERB,qal,ptcp,f,sg
- גרה: NOUN,f,sg,abs
- בבהמה: PREP+NOUN,f,sg,abs
- אתה: PRON,2,m,sg
- תאכלו: VERB,qal,impf,2,mp
Parallels
- Deut.14.6 (quotation): Repeats the Leviticus wording almost verbatim: animals that chew the cud and have a divided hoof are declared clean and may be eaten.
- Gen.7.2 (thematic): God's instructions to Noah distinguish 'clean' and 'unclean' animals (taking seven pairs of clean animals), presupposing the same sort of classification of animals found in Leviticus.
- Mark 7.18-19 (allusion): Jesus' teaching that foods do not defile (with Mark's editorial note 'thus he declared all foods clean') stands in tension with Levitical dietary rules such as Lev 11:3.
- Acts 10:11-16 (structural): Peter's vision of unclean animals and the command 'kill and eat' functions as a narrative reversal of kosher distinctions, directly engaging the Levitical prohibition exemplified in Lev 11:3.
- Rom.14.14 (thematic): Paul's assertion that no food is unclean in itself develops a theological response to the dietary laws (including the chew-the-cud/divided-hoof criterion) found in Leviticus.
Alternative generated candidates
- Every animal that parts the hoof and has the hoof cloven in two, and chews the cud, among the beasts—those you may eat.
- Every animal that splits the hoof, cleaving a cleft hoof, and chews the cud, among the beasts—you may eat.
Lev.11.4 - Details
Translation
Original Text
Morphology
- אך: PART
- את: PRT,acc
- זה: PRON,dem,m,sg
- לא: PART_NEG
- תאכלו: VERB,qal,impf,2,mp
- ממעלי: PREP+NOUN,m,pl,abs
- הגרה: NOUN,f,sg,def
- וממפריסי: CONJ+PREP+NOUN,m,pl,abs
- הפרסה: NOUN,f,sg,def
- את: PRT,acc
- הגמל: NOUN,m,sg,def
- כי: CONJ
- מעלה: VERB,qal,impf,3,m,sg
- גרה: NOUN,f,sg,abs
- הוא: PRON,3,m,sg
- ופרסה: CONJ+NOUN,f,sg,abs
- איננו: VERB,qal,impf,3,m,pl,neg
- מפריס: VERB,qal,impf,3,m,sg
- טמא: VERB,qal,perf,3,m,sg
- הוא: PRON,3,m,sg
- לכם: PREP,2,m,pl
Parallels
- Lev.11.3 (structural): Gives the defining rule for clean land animals—must both chew the cud and have a divided hoof—which provides the structural criterion that Lev 11:4 applies to the camel.
- Lev.11.6 (thematic): The hyrax (שפן) is another case that chews the cud (or is described as doing so) but lacks a divided hoof and is declared unclean, paralleling the camel example.
- Lev.11.7 (thematic): The pig has a divided hoof but does not chew the cud and is therefore unclean; this contrast shows that both criteria must be met, paralleling the camel’s disqualification in 11:4.
- Deut.14.7 (verbal): Deuteronomy repeats the Levitical dietary formulation about the camel (chews the cud but does not divide the hoof) using similar language, restating the prohibition.
- Acts 10:15 (allusion): Peter’s vision (‘What God has made clean, do not call common’) alludes to the clean/unclean animal tradition of Leviticus, engaging and reinterpreting those distinctions in the New Testament context.
Alternative generated candidates
- Only, these you shall not eat of those that chew the cud or of those that part the hoof: the camel, for it chews the cud but does not part the hoof—it is unclean for you;
- Only, this you shall not eat from among those that chew the cud and from among those that split the hoof: the camel, for though it chews the cud it does not split the hoof; it is unclean for you.
Lev.11.5 - Details
Translation
Original Text
Morphology
- ואת: CONJ
- השפן: NOUN,m,sg,def
- כי: CONJ
- מעלה: VERB,piel,ptcp,ms,sg
- גרה: NOUN,f,sg,abs
- הוא: PRON,3,m,sg
- ופרסה: CONJ+NOUN,f,sg,abs
- לא: PART_NEG
- יפריס: VERB,qal,impf,3,m,sg
- טמא: VERB,qal,perf,3,m,sg
- הוא: PRON,3,m,sg
- לכם: PREP,2,m,pl
Parallels
- Leviticus 11:3 (structural): Sets the governing rule for land animals — only those that both chew the cud and have a divided hoof are clean; Lev 11:5 applies this criterion to the hyrax.
- Leviticus 11:4 (verbal): The camel is described with the same formula (chews the cud but does not split the hoof) and likewise declared unclean, paralleling the hyrax wording and classification.
- Leviticus 11:6 (verbal): The hare (or coney) is treated in the identical linguistic and classificatory pattern (chews the cud but does not split the hoof), another example alongside the hyrax.
- Deuteronomy 14:7 (quotation): Deuteronomy reiterates the Levitical dietary laws and explicitly repeats the listing of the hyrax/shaphan as an unclean animal, using similar language.
- Acts 10:15 (thematic): Peter’s vision (‘What God has made clean, do not call common’) thematically engages the Levitical clean/unclean distinctions for animals, offering a New Testament reappraisal of such classifications.
Alternative generated candidates
- and the rock badger, for it chews the cud but does not part the hoof—it is unclean for you;
- And the rock badger, for though it chews the cud it does not split the hoof; it is unclean for you.
Lev.11.6 - Details
Translation
Original Text
Morphology
- ואת: CONJ
- הארנבת: NOUN,f,sg,def
- כי: CONJ
- מעלת: VERB,qal,part,3,f,sg
- גרה: NOUN,f,sg,abs
- הוא: PRON,3,m,sg
- ופרסה: CONJ+VERB,qal,perf,3,f,sg
- לא: PART_NEG
- הפריסה: VERB,qal,perf,3,f,sg
- טמאה: ADJ,f,sg
- הוא: PRON,3,m,sg
- לכם: PREP,2,m,pl
Parallels
- Leviticus 11:3 (structural): Gives the general dietary rule that an animal must both chew the cud and have divided hooves to be clean; Lev 11:6 applies that rule negatively to the hare.
- Leviticus 11:5 (verbal): Immediately parallels Lev 11:6 by listing another animal (the coney/rock badger) that 'chews the cud but does not divide the hoof,' and is therefore declared unclean with similar wording.
- Deuteronomy 14:7 (verbal): Restates the same prohibition in the Deuteronomic restatement of the dietary laws: the hare is unclean because it chews the cud but lacks a split hoof.
- Mark 7:18-19 (allusion): Jesus' teaching (as reported by Mark) about what makes a person 'unclean' challenges the emphasis on dietary regulations derived from Leviticus, effectively reinterpreting the law's practical effect.
- Acts 10:13-15 (allusion): Peter's vision where unclean animals are declared clean alludes to and overturns the Levitical classifications (including animals like the hare), addressing the theo-ethical status of those food laws for the church.
Alternative generated candidates
- and the hare, for it chews the cud but does not part the hoof—it is unclean for you;
- And the hare, for though it chews the cud it does not split the hoof; it is unclean for you.
Lev.11.7 - Details
Translation
Original Text
Morphology
- ואת: CONJ
- החזיר: NOUN,m,sg,def
- כי: CONJ
- מפריס: VERB,qal,part,3,m,sg
- פרסה: NOUN,f,sg,abs
- הוא: PRON,3,m,sg
- ושסע: VERB,qal,perf,3,m,sg
- שסע: NOUN,m,sg,abs
- פרסה: NOUN,f,sg,abs
- והוא: CONJ+PRON,3,m,sg
- גרה: VERB,qal,part,3,m,sg
- לא: PART_NEG
- יגר: NOUN,m,sg,abs
- טמא: VERB,qal,perf,3,m,sg
- הוא: PRON,3,m,sg
- לכם: PREP,2,m,pl
Parallels
- Deut.14.8 (verbal): Repeats the Levitical dietary prohibition: the pig has a split hoof but does not chew the cud and is therefore unclean for Israel.
- Acts 10:11-16 (allusion): Peter’s vision of unclean animals and the command to ‘kill and eat’ directly challenges the Levitical distinctions (including the pig) and alludes to Lev.11’s food laws.
- Mark 7:18-19 (thematic): Jesus’ statement that foods do not defile a person (Mark declares all foods clean) thematically contrasts and reinterprets Leviticus’ dietary prohibitions such as the pig.
- Isa.66:17 (thematic): Condemns those who sacrifice and eat swine’s flesh as detestable, reflecting the cultural/religious taboo against pork found in Leviticus 11:7.
Alternative generated candidates
- and the pig, for it parts the hoof and is cloven-footed, but it does not chew the cud—it is unclean for you.
- And the pig, for it splits the hoof and cleaves the cleft, but it does not chew the cud; it is unclean for you.
Lev.11.8 - Details
Translation
Original Text
Morphology
- מבשרם: PREP+NOUN,m,sg,abs,gen:3mp
- לא: PART_NEG
- תאכלו: VERB,qal,impf,2,mp
- ובנבלתם: CONJ+PREP+NOUN,f,sg,abs,gen:3mp
- לא: PART_NEG
- תגעו: VERB,qal,impf,2,pl
- טמאים: ADJ,m,pl,abs
- הם: PRON,personal,3,m,pl
- לכם: PREP,2,m,pl
Parallels
- Deuteronomy 14:8 (verbal): Almost identical wording and legal content: prohibits eating the flesh of certain animals and forbids touching their carcasses because they are unclean.
- Leviticus 11:39 (structural): Same chapter addresses animals that die of themselves and states that touching their carcasses renders a person unclean until evening, reinforcing the prohibition on eating such flesh.
- Leviticus 11:24 (thematic): Specifies that touching the carcass of unclean creatures causes ritual impurity until evening—closely related ritual consequence to the prohibition in 11:8.
- Numbers 19:11–13 (thematic): Treats contact with dead bodies (human and ritual death-contamination) as a source of impurity requiring purification—echoes the broader principle that contact with corpses transmits ritual uncleanness.
- Acts 10:14–15 (allusion): Peter’s vision (‘What God has made clean, do not call common’) alludes to and reinterprets Israel’s dietary/clean-unclean distinctions exemplified by Leviticus 11.
Alternative generated candidates
- Of their flesh you shall not eat, and their carcasses you shall not touch; they are unclean for you.
- Of their flesh you shall not eat, and their carcasses you shall not touch; they are unclean for you.
Lev.11.9 - Details
Translation
Original Text
Morphology
- את: PRT,acc
- זה: PRON,dem,m,sg
- תאכלו: VERB,qal,impf,2,mp
- מכל: PREP
- אשר: PRON,rel
- במים: PREP
- כל: DET
- אשר: PRON,rel
- לו: PRON,3,m,sg
- סנפיר: NOUN,m,sg,abs
- וקשקשת: CONJ+NOUN,f,sg,abs
- במים: PREP
- בימים: NOUN,m,pl,abs
- ובנחלים: CONJ+PREP+NOUN,m,pl,abs
- אתם: PRON,2,m,pl
- תאכלו: VERB,qal,impf,2,mp
Parallels
- Deuteronomy 14:9 (verbal): Repeats the same dietary rule: aquatic creatures with fins and scales are permitted to eat; near-identical criterion and wording to Lev 11:9.
- Leviticus 11:10 (structural): Immediate contrast within the same chapter: specifies that water creatures lacking fins and scales are unclean, complementing and delimiting the permission of v.9.
- Acts 10:9-16 (allusion): Peter's vision of unclean animals and the divine command to 'kill and eat' functions as an allusion to Levitical purity rules, challenging the food distinctions established in Leviticus.
- Mark 7:19 (thematic): Jesus' teaching that foods do not defile (summarized in Mark 7:19) thematically contrasts and reinterprets Levitical dietary regulations about clean and unclean foods.
Alternative generated candidates
- These you may eat of all that are in the waters: everything that has fins and scales in the waters, in the seas and in the streams—those you may eat.
- These you may eat of all that are in the waters: whatever has fins and scales in the waters, in the seas and in the rivers—you may eat.
Lev.11.10 - Details
Translation
Original Text
Morphology
- וכל: CONJ+PRON,indef
- אשר: PRON,rel
- אין: PART,neg
- לו: PRON,3,m,sg
- סנפיר: NOUN,m,sg,abs
- וקשקשת: CONJ+NOUN,f,sg,abs
- בימים: NOUN,m,pl,abs
- ובנחלים: CONJ+PREP+NOUN,m,pl,abs
- מכל: PREP
- שרץ: NOUN,m,sg,abs
- המים: NOUN,m,pl,def
- ומכל: CONJ
- נפש: NOUN,f,sg,abs
- החיה: NOUN,f,sg,def
- אשר: PRON,rel
- במים: PREP
- שקץ: NOUN,m,sg,abs
- הם: PRON,personal,3,m,pl
- לכם: PREP,2,m,pl
Parallels
- Leviticus 11:9-12 (structural): Immediate context giving the same dietary rule: aquatic animals must have fins and scales to be clean; those without are detestable (expands and frames v.10).
- Deuteronomy 14:9-10 (verbal): Restates the Levitical criterion for clean fish almost verbatim—only animals in the water with fins and scales may be eaten; others are detestable.
- Acts 10:9-16 (allusion): Peter’s vision overturns Jewish food distinctions (including clean/unclean animals), portraying the old dietary separations — such as between fish with/without fins and scales — as reinterpreted in the new covenant context.
- Mark 7:18-19 (thematic): Jesus teaches that what enters a person does not defile them, a move that effectively challenges traditional purity laws about foods (theologically related to Levitical food distinctions).
- 1 Timothy 4:3-5 (thematic): Paul warns against forbidding certain foods and rituals; affirms that foods created by God are to be received with thanksgiving—critiquing ascetic restrictions that echo Jewish dietary rules.
Alternative generated candidates
- But whatever does not have fins and scales in the seas and in the streams, of all the swarming things in the waters and of every living thing that is in the waters, they are detestable to you.
- And whatever does not have fins and scales in the seas and in the rivers, of all the swarmers in the waters and of every living creature that is in the waters—they are detestable for you.
Lev.11.11 - Details
Translation
Original Text
Morphology
- ושקץ: NOUN,m,sg,abs
- יהיו: VERB,qal,impf,3,m,pl
- לכם: PREP,2,m,pl
- מבשרם: PREP+NOUN,m,sg,abs,3,m,pl
- לא: PART_NEG
- תאכלו: VERB,qal,impf,2,mp
- ואת: CONJ
- נבלתם: NOUN,f,sg,abs,3,m,pl
- תשקצו: VERB,qal,impf,2,m,pl
Parallels
- Lev.11:10 (verbal): Immediate parallel within the same chapter applying the formula 'and they shall be an abomination unto you' to water creatures that lack fins and scales; repeats the legal language about carcasses and ritual abhorrence.
- Lev.11:12 (structural): Continues the chapter's juridical pattern about sea creatures and their carcasses, using similar prohibitory and impurity terminology that frames 11:11 within the larger food-law unit.
- Deut.14:9-10 (verbal): Deuteronomy restates the dietary laws (fish without fins and scales are detestable) with language closely parallel to Leviticus, transferring the prohibition and 'abomination' formula into the Deuteronomic legal code.
- Acts 10:15 (allusion): Peter’s vision echoes the Levitical clean/unclean categories (including carcasses/forbidden animals); the divine command 'what God has cleansed, do not call common' directly engages and reinterpretsthe Levitical distinctions.
- Mark 7:19 (thematic): Jesus' pronouncement that foods do not defile a person thematically opposes/rewrites the Levitical food purity focus implied in 11:11, shifting the locus of purity from dietary rules to moral/ethical conduct.
Alternative generated candidates
- And they shall be detestable to you; of their flesh you shall not eat, and their carcasses you shall detest.
- And they shall be detestable for you; of their flesh you shall not eat, and you shall abhor their carcasses.
Lev.11.12 - Details
Translation
Original Text
Morphology
- כל: DET
- אשר: PRON,rel
- אין: PART,neg
- לו: PRON,3,m,sg
- סנפיר: NOUN,m,sg,abs
- וקשקשת: CONJ+NOUN,f,sg,abs
- במים: PREP
- שקץ: NOUN,m,sg,abs
- הוא: PRON,3,m,sg
- לכם: PREP,2,m,pl
Parallels
- Lev.11.9 (verbal): Within the same chapter the complementary verse permits eating creatures that have fins and scales — the positive wording of the same dietary rule.
- Lev.11.10 (verbal): Immediate context stating that water creatures without fins and scales are unclean/abomination — directly parallel in prohibition and wording.
- Deut.14.9 (verbal): Deuteronomy repeats the dietary law: only aquatic creatures with fins and scales may be eaten — a direct restatement of Leviticus’ rule.
- Acts 10:9-16 (allusion): Peter’s vision about unclean animals challenges traditional clean/unclean food distinctions; it implicitly engages laws like the prohibition against animals without fins and scales.
- Mark 7:19 (thematic): Jesus’ teaching (and the textual gloss ‘thus he declared all foods clean’ in some manuscripts) undermines the purity/food laws' authority, thematically related to regulations about which aquatic creatures may be eaten.
Alternative generated candidates
- Whatever has no fins and scales in the waters is detestable to you.
- Everything in the waters that does not have fins and scales is detestable for you.
Lev.11.13 - Details
Translation
Original Text
Morphology
- ואת: CONJ
- אלה: DEM,pl,abs
- תשקצו: VERB,qal,impf,2,m,pl
- מן: PREP
- העוף: NOUN,m,sg,def
- לא: PART_NEG
- יאכלו: VERB,qal,impf,3,m,pl
- שקץ: NOUN,m,sg,abs
- הם: PRON,personal,3,m,pl
- את: PRT,acc
- הנשר: NOUN,m,sg,def
- ואת: CONJ
- הפרס: NOUN,m,sg,def
- ואת: CONJ
- העזניה: NOUN,f,sg,def
Parallels
- Deuteronomy 14:12-18 (verbal): Repeats the prohibition against eating certain birds with a nearly identical list of species (vulture, kite/ossifrage, etc.), echoing Leviticus' dietary rules.
- Leviticus 11:14-19 (structural): Immediate continuation of the same Levitical section listing forbidden birds; same legal category and overlapping species—an internal parallel within the code.
- Acts 10:9-16 (thematic): Peter's vision about clean and unclean animals thematically engages the Mosaic dietary distinctions (including birds), later reinterpreted in the New Testament context.
- Isaiah 34:11-15 (thematic): Prophetic catalogue of wild and 'unclean' birds inhabiting a desolated land echoes Levitical imagery of ritually unclean birds and uses them as signs of judgment and impurity.
Alternative generated candidates
- And these you shall detest among the birds; they shall not be eaten; they are detestable: the eagle, the vulture, and the black vulture;
- And these you shall detest among the birds; they shall not be eaten; they are detestable: the eagle, the bearded vulture, and the black vulture;
Lev.11.14 - Details
Translation
Original Text
Morphology
- ואת: CONJ
- הדאה: NOUN,f,sg,def
- ואת: CONJ
- האיה: NOUN,f,sg,def
- למינה: PREP+NOUN,f,sg,abs,poss:3fs
Parallels
- Deut.14.12 (quotation): Repeats the Levitical list of forbidden birds (including hawks and small owls); a near-verbatim parallel restating the dietary law.
- Lev.11.13 (verbal): Immediate context in the same Levitical catalogue—lists other unclean birds using the same legal formula and vocabulary.
- Lev.11.19 (structural): Concludes the same pericope of prohibited birds; structurally parallels v.14 as part of the coherent list of ritually unclean fowl.
- Isa.34.15 (thematic): Prophetic catalogue of desolation that names owls and night-birds—thematically echoes the association of certain birds (e.g., owls) with impurity/desolation found in Leviticus' list.
Alternative generated candidates
- the kite, and the falcon according to its kind;
- and the kite and the falcon according to its kind;
Lev.11.15 - Details
Translation
Original Text
Morphology
- את: PRT,acc
- כל: DET
- ערב: NOUN,m,sg,abs
- למינו: PREP+NOUN,m,sg,abs+PRON,3,m,sg
Parallels
- Leviticus 11:13-19 (structural): Immediate context: verses 13–19 form the same catalog of detestable/unclean birds of which v.15 is a part, showing the verse’s place within the Levitical list.
- Deuteronomy 14:12-18 (thematic): Parallel legal material in Deuteronomy repeating many of the same prohibitions and list of unclean birds (same dietary/ritual concern).
- Genesis 1:21 (verbal): Uses the creation formula 'after their kinds' regarding winged creatures (birds), echoing the same Hebrew concept of classification (למינו) found in Lev 11:15.
- Genesis 1:24-25 (verbal): The creation account’s repeated phrase 'after their kinds' for land animals parallels the Levitical phrasing 'למינו' and reflects the broader biblical motif of created kinds/classification.
Alternative generated candidates
- every raven according to its kind;
- every raven according to its kind;
Lev.11.16 - Details
Translation
Original Text
Morphology
- ואת: CONJ
- בת: NOUN,f,sg,cs
- היענה: NOUN,f,sg,def
- ואת: CONJ
- התחמס: NOUN,m,sg,def
- ואת: CONJ
- השחף: NOUN,m,sg,def
- ואת: CONJ
- הנץ: NOUN,m,sg,def
- למינהו: PREP+NOUN,m,sg,abs+PRON,3,m,sg
Parallels
- Leviticus 11:13-15 (structural): Immediate context — continuation of the same list of forbidden birds in the Levitical purity code, repeating and expanding the catalogue of unclean fowl.
- Deuteronomy 14:12-18 (verbal): Parallel dietary law in Deuteronomy reproduces much of the Levitical list of unclean birds (little owl, great owl, gull, hawk/kite, etc.), showing near‑verbatim overlap.
- Isaiah 34:11 (thematic): Prophetic oracle that lists birds of prey and desolate creatures (owls, pelicans/bitterns, etc.) to symbolize devastation — echoing several species and the motif of uninhabited/unclean fauna from Leviticus.
- Acts 10:9-16 (allusion): Peter’s vision about clean and unclean animals implicitly engages the Levitical purity rules (including birds); the scene reinterprets and overturns distinctions found in Leviticus' animal lists.
Alternative generated candidates
- the ostrich, the nighthawk, the seagull, and the hawk according to its kind;
- and the ostrich, and the nighthawk, and the seagull, and the hawk according to its kind;
Lev.11.17 - Details
Translation
Original Text
Morphology
- ואת: CONJ
- הכוס: NOUN,f,sg,def
- ואת: CONJ
- השלך: NOUN,m,sg,def
- ואת: CONJ
- הינשוף: NOUN,m,sg,def
Parallels
- Deuteronomy 14:12-18 (verbal): Repeats the statutory list of unclean birds nearly verbatim, paralleling Leviticus’ prohibition against eating these species.
- Leviticus 11:13-19 (structural): Immediate literary parallel within the same chapter — the surrounding verses enumerate the same series of prohibited birds and provide the broader legal context.
- Isaiah 34:11 (thematic): Uses owls and other desert/unclean birds as imagery of desolation; thematically parallels the association of certain birds with impurity and barren places.
- Psalm 102:6 (101:7 in some traditions) (thematic): Employs the image of the owl/pelican of the wilderness to signify desolation and affliction, echoing the cultural symbolism attached to owls and similar birds found in Leviticus’ list.
Alternative generated candidates
- the little owl, the cormorant, and the great owl;
- and the little owl, and the cormorant, and the short-eared owl;
Lev.11.18 - Details
Translation
Original Text
Morphology
- ואת: CONJ
- התנשמת: NOUN,f,sg,def
- ואת: CONJ
- הקאת: NOUN,f,sg,def
- ואת: CONJ
- הרחם: NOUN,m,sg,def
Parallels
- Leviticus 11:13-19 (structural): Immediate context: the wider list of birds declared detestable/unclean of which v.18 is a part (names and prohibition repeated).
- Deuteronomy 14:12-18 (verbal): Near-verbatim parallel list of unclean birds in the Deuteronomic restatement of the dietary laws (same nouns and prohibitions).
- Acts 10:9-16 (allusion): Peter's vision of a sheet with unclean animals and the voice 'What God has made clean, do not call common' directly engages and overturns Levitical food distinctions.
- Mark 7:18-19 (thematic): Jesus' declaration that foods do not defile (’thus he declared all foods clean’ in some manuscripts) challenges the purity system behind Leviticus' dietary rules.
- Romans 14:14 (thematic): Paul's assertion that no food is unclean in itself responds theologically to Jewish food laws and the clean/unclean categories exemplified in Leviticus 11.
Alternative generated candidates
- the barn owl, the pelican, and the carrion vulture;
- and the barn owl, and the tawny owl, and the carrion vulture;
Lev.11.19 - Details
Translation
Original Text
Morphology
- ואת: CONJ
- החסידה: NOUN,f,sg,def
- האנפה: NOUN,f,sg,def
- למינה: PREP+NOUN,m,sg,abs+PRON,3,fs
- ואת: CONJ
- הדוכיפת: NOUN,f,sg,def
- ואת: CONJ
- העטלף: NOUN,m,sg,def
Parallels
- Leviticus 11:13-19 (verbal): Immediate context: the same catalogue of detestable (unclean) birds; 11:19 falls within this verbal list of forbidden species.
- Deuteronomy 14:12-18 (verbal): A near-verbatim reiteration of the Levitical list of prohibited birds in the Deuteronomic restatement of dietary laws.
- Leviticus 11:20-23 (thematic): Continues the chapter's dietary legislation, contrasting permitted and forbidden winged creatures and elaborating the principles behind the bird/insect prohibitions.
- Acts 10:9-16 (thematic): Peter's vision about clean and unclean animals engages and reinterprets Jewish dietary distinctions rooted in passages like Leviticus 11.
- Mark 7:18-19 (thematic): Jesus' statement that foods do not defile echoes a theological development that interacts with the Levitical food laws exemplified by lists such as Lev 11:19.
Alternative generated candidates
- the stork, the heron according to its kind, and the hoopoe, and the bat.
- and the stork, the heron according to its kind, and the hoopoe, and the bat.
Lev.11.20 - Details
Translation
Original Text
Morphology
- כל: DET
- שרץ: NOUN,m,sg,abs
- העוף: NOUN,m,sg,def
- ההלך: VERB,qal,ptc,ms,sg
- על: PREP
- ארבע: NUM,card,f
- שקץ: NOUN,m,sg,abs
- הוא: PRON,3,m,sg
- לכם: PREP,2,m,pl
Parallels
- Lev.11:21-22 (verbal): Immediate continuation of the same verse—lists exceptions (locusts, crickets, grasshoppers) and elaborates which winged creatures walking on all fours are permitted.
- Deut.14:19 (verbal): Parallel statement in the Deuteronomic restatement of the dietary laws: winged swarming things that walk on all fours are declared an abomination.
- Lev.11:41-44 (structural): Broader Levitical context treating swarming things and unclean animals; emphasizes avoidance of defilement and holy separation tied to the same purity category.
- Acts 10:14-15 (allusion): Peter’s vision overturns earlier food prohibitions—'What God has cleansed, do not call common' functions as an implicit counterpoint to Levitical bans on certain creatures.
- 1 Tim.4:3-5 (thematic): Later New Testament teaching criticizes strict dietary prohibitions and asserts that foods created by God are to be received with thanksgiving, thematically opposing Leviticus' food restrictions.
Alternative generated candidates
- All winged swarming things that go on all fours are detestable to you.
- Every winged swarming thing that walks on four is detestable for you.
Lev.11.21 - Details
Translation
Original Text
Morphology
- אך: PART
- את: PRT,acc
- זה: PRON,dem,m,sg
- תאכלו: VERB,qal,impf,2,mp
- מכל: PREP
- שרץ: NOUN,m,sg,abs
- העוף: NOUN,m,sg,def
- ההלך: VERB,qal,ptc,ms,sg
- על: PREP
- ארבע: NUM,card,f
- אשר: PRON,rel
- לו: PRON,3,m,sg
- כרעים: NOUN,m,pl,abs
- ממעל: ADV
- לרגליו: PREP+NOUN,f,pl,abs+3,m,sg
- לנתר: VERB,qal,inf
- בהן: PREP+PRON,3,f,pl
- על: PREP
- הארץ: NOUN,f,sg,def
Parallels
- Leviticus 11:20 (verbal): Sets the broader category — ‘every flying insect that walks on all fours is detestable’ — against which v.21 makes an exception for those with jumping legs.
- Leviticus 11:22 (verbal): Immediate continuation that specifies the permitted jumping insects (locusts, katydids, crickets, grasshoppers); direct textual parallel and clarification of v.21.
- Deuteronomy 14:19-21 (quotation): Restates and applies the same dietary rule in Deuteronomy, repeating the prohibition and the allowance of certain locusts/winged swarming insects.
- Acts 10:13-15 (thematic): Peter’s vision where God declares previously ‘unclean’ animals clean; thematically reinterprets and overrides Jewish food purity distinctions exemplified in Leviticus 11.
- Mark 7:19 (thematic): Jesus’ statement that all foods are clean challenges Mosaic dietary restrictions, directly impacting how laws like Lev 11:21 are understood in the New Testament context.
Alternative generated candidates
- Yet these of the winged swarming things that go on all fours you may eat: those that have jointed legs above their feet with which to leap upon the earth.
- Yet these you may eat of all the winged swarming things that walk on four: those that have jointed legs above their feet, to leap with them on the earth.
Lev.11.22 - Details
Translation
Original Text
Morphology
- את: PRT,acc
- אלה: DEM,pl,abs
- מהם: PREP+PRON,3,m,pl
- תאכלו: VERB,qal,impf,2,mp
- את: PRT,acc
- הארבה: NOUN,m,sg,def
- למינו: PREP+NOUN,m,sg,abs,3,m,sg
- ואת: CONJ
- הסלעם: NOUN,m,sg,def
- למינהו: PREP+NOUN,m,sg,abs,3,m,sg
- ואת: CONJ
- החרגל: NOUN,m,sg,def
- למינהו: PREP+NOUN,m,sg,abs,3,m,sg
- ואת: CONJ
- החגב: NOUN,m,sg,def
- למינהו: PREP+NOUN,m,sg,abs,3,m,sg
Parallels
- Lev.11.21 (structural): Immediate context: verse 21 gives the general rule about winged swarming things and the exception for those with jointed legs that leap — verse 22 then lists the permitted species.
- Deut.14.19-20 (verbal): Repeats the dietary ruling by listing the same categories of permissible locusts/grasshoppers (locust, katydid, cricket, grasshopper), echoing Leviticus’ wording.
- Matt.3.4 (thematic): John the Baptist is described as eating locusts and wild honey, an instance of the legitimate consumption of locusts in Jewish practice.
- Acts.10.13-15 (allusion): Peter’s vision ‘Rise, kill and eat’ functions as a New Testament challenge to traditional clean/unclean food distinctions, thematically related to Leviticus’ dietary regulations.
Alternative generated candidates
- Of them you may eat: the locust according to its kind, the bald locust according to its kind, the cricket according to its kind, and the grasshopper according to its kind.
- Of these you may eat: the locust according to its kind, the bald locust according to its kind, the cricket according to its kind, and the grasshopper according to its kind.
Lev.11.23 - Details
Translation
Original Text
Morphology
- וכל: CONJ+PRON,indef
- שרץ: NOUN,m,sg,abs
- העוף: NOUN,m,sg,def
- אשר: PRON,rel
- לו: PRON,3,m,sg
- ארבע: NUM,card,f
- רגלים: NOUN,f,pl,abs
- שקץ: NOUN,m,sg,abs
- הוא: PRON,3,m,sg
- לכם: PREP,2,m,pl
Parallels
- Deut.14:19 (verbal): Reiterates the prohibition against winged creatures that walk on all fours (swarming/creeping insects) as unclean—language and legal concern parallel to Lev.11:23.
- Lev.11:29 (verbal): Provides a list of four‑footed creeping things (mice, lizard, etc.); concrete examples of the category declared detestable in Lev.11:23.
- Lev.11:41 (verbal): A nearby summary statement that every swarming thing that creeps on the earth is an abomination, restating the same purity rule and legal principle.
- Mark 7:19 (thematic): Jesus’ declaration that foods pass through and thus are clean challenges earlier dietary prohibitions like those in Leviticus 11, creating a theological contrast.
- Acts 10:15 (thematic): Peter’s vision ('What God has made clean, do not call common') functions as a New Testament reinterpretation of Levitical food laws, including prohibitions on swarming/unclean creatures.
Alternative generated candidates
- But every other winged swarming thing that has four feet is detestable to you.
- But every winged swarming thing that has four feet is detestable for you.
Lev.11.24 - Details
Translation
Original Text
Morphology
- ולאלה: CONJ+PREP+DEM
- תטמאו: VERB,qal,impf,2,m,pl
- כל: DET
- הנגע: PART,qal,ptcp,m,sg,def
- בנבלתם: PREP+NOUN,f,sg+3,m,pl
- יטמא: VERB,qal,impf,3,m,sg
- עד: PREP
- הערב: NOUN,m,sg,def
Parallels
- Leviticus 11:25 (verbal): Immediate parallel in the same section repeating the legal consequence for touching a dead unclean animal—uses the same vocabulary and the 'unclean until evening' timing.
- Leviticus 11:39 (verbal): Repeats the rule about contact with the carcass of an animal that died of itself: the toucher is unclean until evening (and the eater must wash clothes), closely echoing 11:24.
- Leviticus 17:15 (thematic): Similar regulation about impurity from a carcass: anyone who eats from a carcass must wash his clothes and be unclean until evening, reinforcing the 'until evening' purification motif.
- Numbers 19:11-12 (thematic): Related law about impurity from contact with the dead, but with a different duration and ritual: touching a human corpse renders one unclean for seven days, requiring the water of purification (contrast with the 'until evening' rule for animal carcasses).
Alternative generated candidates
- And by these you shall become unclean: whoever touches their carcass shall be unclean until evening,
- And by these you shall become unclean; whoever touches their carcass shall be unclean until evening.
Lev.11.25 - Details
Translation
Original Text
Morphology
- וכל: CONJ+PRON,indef
- הנשא: NOUN,m,sg,def
- מנבלתם: PREP+NOUN,f,sg,abs,ps:3,pl
- יכבס: VERB,qal,impf,3,m,sg
- בגדיו: NOUN,m,pl,abs+PRON,3,m,sg
- וטמא: CONJ+ADJ,m,sg,abs
- עד: PREP
- הערב: NOUN,m,sg,def
Parallels
- Leviticus 11:24 (verbal): Same chapter and legal context: touching the carcass of the unclean creatures renders a person unclean until the evening—nearly identical phrasing and consequence.
- Leviticus 11:28 (verbal): A closely related verse in the same section that repeats the rule that contact with the carcass of the listed creeping things causes uncleanness until evening—same ritual effect.
- Leviticus 15:5 (verbal): Uses the same ritual formula (“wash his clothes…be unclean until the even”) for impurity caused by bodily discharges, showing a common legal pattern for temporary impurity and clothing washing.
- Numbers 19:11-12 (thematic): Addresses impurity from contact with a dead body and the need for purification—thematically related to carcass‑contact laws (though Numbers prescribes seven days and water of purification rather than ‘until evening’).
Alternative generated candidates
- and whoever carries their carcass shall wash his garments and be unclean until evening.
- And whoever carries any of their carcass shall wash his clothes and be unclean until evening.
Lev.11.26 - Details
Translation
Original Text
Morphology
- לכל: PREP
- הבהמה: NOUN,f,sg,def
- אשר: PRON,rel
- הוא: PRON,3,m,sg
- מפרסת: VERB,qal,ptc,3,f,sg
- פרסה: NOUN,f,sg,abs
- ושסע: VERB,qal,perf,3,m,sg
- איננה: PART,neg,3,f,sg
- שסעת: NOUN,f,sg,abs
- וגרה: VERB,qal,ptc,3,f,sg
- איננה: PART,neg,3,f,sg
- מעלה: VERB,qal,ptc,3,f,sg
- טמאים: ADJ,m,pl
- הם: PRON,personal,3,m,pl
- לכם: PREP,2,m,pl
- כל: DET
- הנגע: PART,qal,ptcp,m,sg,def
- בהם: PREP+PRON,3,m,pl
- יטמא: VERB,qal,impf,3,m,sg
Parallels
- Leviticus 11:3 (verbal): Gives the positive rule (animals that both chew the cud and have cloven hooves are clean), directly contrasting the prohibition stated in 11:26.
- Leviticus 11:24–25 (verbal): States the legal consequence for contact with carcasses (becoming unclean until evening), paralleling 11:26’s stipulation that touching such animals causes impurity.
- Deuteronomy 14:6–8 (verbal): Repeats the dietary/clean/unclean distinctions (including the unclean status of the swine and the effect of touching carcasses), echoing the law found in Leviticus 11:26.
- Mark 7:18–19 (thematic): Jesus’ teaching that food does not defile (cf. the note ‘thus he declared all foods clean’) thematically reinterprets the Levitical purity regulations about clean and unclean animals.
- Acts 10:9–16 (allusion): Peter’s vision (‘what God has cleansed, do not call common’) functions as an allusion/negation of the Levitical food prohibitions exemplified in Leviticus 11:26.
Alternative generated candidates
- Every animal that parts the hoof but is not completely cloven-footed, or does not chew the cud—they are unclean for you; whoever touches them shall be unclean.
- Every animal among the beasts that splits the hoof but is not truly cloven, and does not chew the cud—they are unclean for you; whoever touches them shall be unclean.
Lev.11.27 - Details
Translation
Original Text
Morphology
- וכל: CONJ+PRON,indef
- הולך: VERB,qal,ptc,3,m,sg
- על: PREP
- כפיו: NOUN,f,pl,abs+3ms
- בכל: PREP+NOUN,m,sg,abs
- החיה: NOUN,f,sg,def
- ההלכת: REL+VERB,qal,perf,2,m,sg
- על: PREP
- ארבע: NUM,card,f
- טמאים: ADJ,m,pl
- הם: PRON,personal,3,m,pl
- לכם: PREP,2,m,pl
- כל: DET
- הנגע: PART,qal,ptcp,m,sg,def
- בנבלתם: PREP+NOUN,f,pl,abs+3mp
- יטמא: VERB,qal,impf,3,m,sg
- עד: PREP
- הערב: NOUN,m,sg,def
Parallels
- Lev.11.24 (verbal): Almost identical legal formula: touching the carcass of the listed creatures renders a person unclean until evening (same phrasing and consequence).
- Lev.11.28 (verbal): Near-duplicate prescription within the same chapter applying the same impurity-for-contact rule to other listed animals (same structural wording).
- Lev.11.8 (verbal): Earlier prohibition concerning an unclean animal (the pig): forbids touching its carcass and treats contact with such carcasses as rendering one unclean (same concern with carcass-contact).
- Deut.14.8 (verbal): Deuteronomic restatement of the dietary/uncleanness laws (e.g., swine): repeats the prohibition on eating certain animals and on touching their dead carcasses.
- Num.19.11-12 (thematic): Rules about ritual impurity from contact with the dead (human corpse) and the required cleansing—thematises the same idea that contact with a dead body/ carcass causes ritual impurity and necessitates purification.
Alternative generated candidates
- And whatever goes on its paws, among all the animals that go on all fours, they are unclean for you; whoever touches their carcass shall be unclean until evening.
- And whatever walks on its paws, among all the animals that walk on all fours—they are unclean for you; whoever touches their carcass shall be unclean until evening.
Lev.11.28 - Details
Translation
Original Text
Morphology
- והנשא: VERB,qal,ptc,NA,m,sg
- את: PRT,acc
- נבלתם: NOUN,f,pl,suff:3mp
- יכבס: VERB,qal,impf,3,m,sg
- בגדיו: NOUN,m,pl,abs+PRON,3,m,sg
- וטמא: ADJ,m,sg,abs
- עד: PREP
- הערב: NOUN,m,sg,def
- טמאים: ADJ,m,pl,abs
- המה: PRON,3,m,pl
- לכם: PREP,2,m,pl
Parallels
- Leviticus 11:39-40 (verbal): Very similar/parallel ruling in same chapter: touching an animal that dies of itself makes one unclean until evening and requires washing clothes (same wording and consequence).
- Leviticus 17:15 (verbal): Uses the same formula (“wash his clothes and be unclean until evening”) for one who eats or touches an animal that died of itself — a near-verbatim legal parallel about ritual impurity.
- Numbers 19:11-12,16-19 (thematic): Rules about uncleanness from contact with a dead body and the prescribed purification procedures (water, days) — thematically parallel treatment of corpse-defilement, though Numbers prescribes a longer purification regimen.
- Deuteronomy 21:22-23 (thematic): Prohibits defilement by contact with an exposed/hanged corpse and requires burial the same day — another legal acknowledgment that contact with the dead causes ritual impurity and must be dealt with promptly.
Alternative generated candidates
- And whoever carries their carcass shall wash his garments and be unclean until evening; they are unclean for you.
- And whoever carries their carcass shall wash his clothes and be unclean until evening; they are unclean for you.
Lev.11.29 - Details
Translation
Original Text
Morphology
- וזה: CONJ+PRON,dem,m,sg,abs
- לכם: PREP,2,m,pl
- הטמא: ADJ,m,sg,def
- בשרץ: PREP+NOUN,m,sg,abs
- השרץ: NOUN,m,sg,def
- על: PREP
- הארץ: NOUN,f,sg,def
- החלד: NOUN,m,sg,def
- והעכבר: CONJ+NOUN,m,sg,def
- והצב: CONJ+NOUN,m,sg,def
- למינהו: PREP+NOUN,m,sg,abs+PRON,3,m,sg
Parallels
- Deut.14.7 (quotation): Repeats the list of unclean 'creeping' land animals (weasel, mouse, lizard/tortoise etc.) — a direct parallel/recapitulation of Leviticus' prohibited species.
- Lev.11.30 (verbal): Immediate continuation of the same catalog of creeping things in Leviticus 11 — same lexical field and list-structure (part of the same unit).
- Lev.11.41-42 (thematic): States the general principle that 'every creeping thing that creeps on the earth is an abomination' — summarises and broadens the specific prohibitions listed in v.29.
- Lev.11.43 (structural): Gives the doctrinal prohibition against making oneself unclean with creeping things, echoing the ritual/ethical rationale behind the specific prohibitions named in v.29.
Alternative generated candidates
- And these are unclean for you among the swarming things that swarm on the earth: the weasel, the mouse, and the great lizard according to its kind;
- And this is unclean for you among the swarming things that swarm on the earth: the weasel, and the mouse, and the great lizard according to its kind;
Lev.11.30 - Details
Translation
Original Text
Morphology
- והאנקה: NOUN,f,sg,def
- והכח: NOUN,m,sg,def
- והלטאה: NOUN,f,sg,def
- והחמט: NOUN,m,sg,def
- והתנשמת: NOUN,f,sg,def
Parallels
- Lev.11.29 (verbal): Immediately contiguous verse in the same catalog of unclean 'creeping things'—the lists overlap and the same Hebrew creature names appear across vv.29–30.
- Lev.11.31 (structural): Summarizes and frames the preceding itemized list (including v.30) with the ruling that these creeping things are an abomination—serves as the legal conclusion to the list.
- Lev.11:41-42 (verbal): General rule reiterating that every creeping thing that creepeth upon the earth is unclean; echoes the legal status applied to the specific creatures named in v.30.
- Deut.14:7-8 (thematic): Parallel dietary/clean–unclean legislation in Deuteronomy — contains an overlapping list and the same prohibitional logic regarding creeping things declared unclean.
- Lev.11:44 (thematic): Broader theological rationale for the dietary prohibitions in ch.11: the call to be holy and separate from what is declared unclean, which undergirds the listing in v.30.
Alternative generated candidates
- the gecko, the monitor lizard, the lizard, the skink, and the chameleon.
- and the gecko, and the monitor lizard, and the lizard, and the sand lizard, and the chameleon.
Lev.11.31 - Details
Translation
Original Text
Morphology
- אלה: DEM,pl,abs
- הטמאים: ADJ,m,pl,def
- לכם: PREP,2,m,pl
- בכל: PREP+NOUN,m,sg,abs
- השרץ: NOUN,m,sg,def
- כל: DET
- הנגע: PART,qal,ptcp,m,sg,def
- בהם: PREP+PRON,3,m,pl
- במתם: PREP+NOUN,m,sg+3,pl
- יטמא: VERB,qal,impf,3,m,sg
- עד: PREP
- הערב: NOUN,m,sg,def
Parallels
- Leviticus 11:39 (verbal): Uses nearly identical wording about touching the carcass of a beast/creeping thing when dead making a person unclean until evening.
- Leviticus 11:24 (verbal): Same chapter statement that when these swarming creatures die they render one unclean — reiterates the rule about dead 'creepers' causing impurity.
- Leviticus 11:8 (structural): Adjacent legal provision stating that touching the carcasses of unclean animals renders a person unclean until evening — part of the same impurity regimen.
- Numbers 19:11-12 (thematic): Broader cultic law on contact with the dead: touching a corpse renders one ritually unclean and prescribes purification procedures (related principle of corpse-impurity).
- Deuteronomy 14:8 (quotation): Deuteronomy reiterates the dietary/ritual prohibition concerning swarming things (and their uncleanness when dead), echoing Leviticus' regulations.
Alternative generated candidates
- These are unclean for you among all the swarming things; whoever touches them when they are dead shall be unclean until evening.
- These are the unclean for you among all the swarming things; whoever touches them when they are dead shall be unclean until evening.
Lev.11.32 - Details
Translation
Original Text
Morphology
- וכל: CONJ+PRON,indef
- אשר: PRON,rel
- יפל: VERB,qal,impf,3,m,sg
- עליו: PREP,3,m,sg
- מהם: PREP+PRON,3,m,pl
- במתם: PREP+NOUN,pl,m,abs+PRON,3,m,pl
- יטמא: VERB,qal,impf,3,m,sg
- מכל: PREP
- כלי: NOUN,m,pl,const
- עץ: NOUN,m,sg,abs
- או: CONJ
- בגד: NOUN,m,sg,abs
- או: CONJ
- עור: NOUN,m,sg,abs
- או: CONJ
- שק: NOUN,m,sg,abs
- כל: DET
- כלי: NOUN,m,pl,const
- אשר: PRON,rel
- יעשה: VERB,qal,imperfect,3,m,sg
- מלאכה: NOUN,f,sg,abs
- בהם: PREP+PRON,3,m,pl
- במים: PREP
- יובא: VERB,qal,impf,3,m,sg
- וטמא: CONJ+VERB,qal,impf,3,m,sg
- עד: PREP
- הערב: NOUN,m,sg,def
- וטהר: CONJ+VERB,qal,impf,3,m,sg
Parallels
- Numbers 19:11-22 (verbal): Sets out the water-of-purification ritual and states that touching a corpse or unclean thing renders a person or object unclean until purification; includes sprinkling/putting water on vessels and uncleanness lasting until evening (and broader purification days).
- Leviticus 11:24-25 (verbal): Immediate parallel within the same chapter: declares that anything touching the carcass of certain animals becomes unclean until the evening and must be purified, repeating the same rule about objects and time of cleansing.
- Leviticus 15:5-8 (thematic): Describes ritual impurity from bodily discharges: persons and items (beds, garments) must be washed and the person is unclean until the evening—echoing the motif of washing garments/objects and waiting until evening for cleansing.
- Deuteronomy 14:8 (thematic): Prohibits eating and touching the carcass of the swine, connecting contact with dead unclean animals to legal/ritual consequences and reinforcing the concern with contamination by carcasses.
Alternative generated candidates
- And anything on which any of them falls, when they are dead, shall be unclean—whether an article of wood or a garment or skin or sack, any article that is used for work—shall be put into water and be unclean until evening; then it shall be clean.
- And anything upon which any of them falls when they are dead shall be unclean: any vessel of wood or garment or skin or sack—any article with which work is done—shall be put into water, and shall be unclean until evening; then it shall be clean.
Lev.11.33 - Details
Translation
Original Text
Morphology
- וכל: CONJ+PRON,indef
- כלי: NOUN,m,pl,const
- חרש: ADJ,m,sg,abs
- אשר: PRON,rel
- יפל: VERB,qal,impf,3,m,sg
- מהם: PREP+PRON,3,m,pl
- אל: NEG
- תוכו: NOUN,m,sg,abs+PRON,3,m,sg
- כל: DET
- אשר: PRON,rel
- בתוכו: PREP+NOUN,m,sg,abs+PRON,3,m,sg
- יטמא: VERB,qal,impf,3,m,sg
- ואתו: CONJ+PRON,3,m,sg
- תשברו: VERB,qal,impf,2,m,pl
Parallels
- Lev.11.32 (verbal): Immediate parallel in the same paragraph: states the same principle that anything on which the forbidden creatures fall becomes ritually unclean (close verbal and legal overlap).
- Lev.11.34 (structural): Continues the same regulatory unit about contamination of food and containers — specifies how food in vessels is affected and the differing treatment of vessel types (earthenware broken, wooden vessels rinsed).
- Num.19:11-12 (thematic): Numbers' laws on corpse‑defilement regulate transfer of impurity and required cleansing; both passages govern how contact with sources of impurity affects persons and objects and call for specific remedial actions (washing, separation).
- Lev.15:4,16-17 (thematic): Rules about bodily discharges make objects and garments unclean and prescribe washing in water and temporary uncleanness until evening — parallels the idea of impurity transfer to vessels and the use of water (or destruction) as remedy.
- Deut.14:21 (thematic): Deuteronomy's dietary/impurity regulations (do not eat animals that die of themselves; dispose of carcasses) echo the concern with contamination from dead or forbidden animals and appropriate treatment/disposal of affected food/items.
Alternative generated candidates
- And any earthen vessel into which any of them falls—whatever is in it shall be unclean, and you shall break it.
- And any earthen vessel into which any of them falls—whatever is in it shall be unclean, and you shall break it.
Lev.11.34 - Details
Translation
Original Text
Morphology
- מכל: PREP
- האכל: NOUN,m,sg,def
- אשר: PRON,rel
- יאכל: VERB,qal,impf,3,m,sg
- אשר: PRON,rel
- יבוא: VERB,qal,impf,3,m,sg
- עליו: PREP,3,m,sg
- מים: NOUN,m,pl,abs
- יטמא: VERB,qal,impf,3,m,sg
- וכל: CONJ+PRON,indef
- משקה: NOUN,m,sg,abs
- אשר: PRON,rel
- ישתה: VERB,qal,impf,3,m,sg
- בכל: PREP+NOUN,m,sg,abs
- כלי: NOUN,m,pl,const
- יטמא: VERB,qal,impf,3,m,sg
Parallels
- Leviticus 11:36 (verbal): Same chapter treating water and vessels: a spring or pit may be clean, but if a carcass falls in the water it renders food/drink contaminated — closely parallels water-as-medium-of-uncleanness language.
- Numbers 19:11-12 (thematic): Rules about corpse-related impurity and the role of water in transmitting uncleanness and requiring purification — similar concern with objects and liquids becoming unclean by contact.
- Leviticus 15:12-13 (thematic): Laws about bodily discharges making persons and the vessels they touch unclean and requiring washing; parallels the idea that liquids and vessels transmit ritual impurity.
- Leviticus 11:39-40 (verbal): Adjacent provision on food that dies of itself or is touched by a carcass becoming unclean and needing to be washed — reinforces the chapter’s rules about contamination of food and drink.
Alternative generated candidates
- Any food that is eaten, on which water comes, shall be unclean; and any drink that may be drunk in any such vessel shall be unclean.
- Of any food that is eaten, upon which water comes, it shall be unclean; and any drink that may be drunk in any vessel shall be unclean.
Lev.11.35 - Details
Translation
Original Text
Morphology
- וכל: CONJ+PRON,indef
- אשר: PRON,rel
- יפל: VERB,qal,impf,3,m,sg
- מנבלתם: PREP+NOUN,m,sg,abs,3,m,pl
- עליו: PREP,3,m,sg
- יטמא: VERB,qal,impf,3,m,sg
- תנור: NOUN,m,sg,abs
- וכירים: CONJ+NOUN,m,pl,abs
- יתץ: VERB,qal,impf,3,m,pl
- טמאים: ADJ,m,pl,abs
- הם: PRON,personal,3,m,pl
- וטמאים: CONJ+ADJ,m,pl,abs
- יהיו: VERB,qal,impf,3,m,pl
- לכם: PREP,2,m,pl
Parallels
- Lev.11:32 (verbal): Repeats the same stipulation that anything on which an unclean animal falls becomes unclean and that containers (ovens, pots) implicated must be broken.
- Lev.11:33 (verbal): Specifies that an earthenware vessel in which any part of an unclean carcass falls must be broken — closely parallel prescription to 11:35 about breaking utensils.
- Lev.11:39-40 (thematic): Treats contamination from contact with dead animals and the resulting ritual uncleanness (until evening, washing garments), part of the same purity regime governing vessels in 11:35.
- Num.19:11-12 (thematic): Regulates uncleanness after touching a corpse and the need for purification (water/ritual cleansing), echoing Leviticus' rules about objects made unclean by contact with carrion.
- Deut.14:21 (thematic): Prohibits eating animals that die of themselves and prescribes what to do with them (give or sell to foreigners), reflecting related concerns about carcasses and purity/food laws.
Alternative generated candidates
- And everything on which any part of their carcass falls shall be unclean; an oven or a stove shall be broken down; they are unclean and shall be unclean for you.
- And everything on which any part of their carcass falls shall become unclean: oven or stove shall be broken down; they are unclean, and they shall be unclean for you.
Lev.11.36 - Details
Translation
Original Text
Morphology
- אך: PART
- מעין: NOUN,m,sg,abs
- ובור: NOUN,m,sg,abs
- מקוה: NOUN,m,sg,abs
- מים: NOUN,m,pl,abs
- יהיה: VERB,qal,impf,3,m,sg
- טהור: ADJ,m,sg
- ונגע: VERB,qal,perf,3,m,sg
- בנבלתם: NOUN,f,sg,abs
- יטמא: VERB,qal,impf,3,m,sg
Parallels
- Lev.11:33 (verbal): Same pericope on contamination by carcasses — verse contrasts earthen vessels and contained water (which become unclean if a carcass falls in) with flowing/collected water in 11:36.
- Lev.11:32 (thematic): Nearby law about impurity associated with dead animals and creeping things; both verses regulate how contact with carcasses transmits uncleanness.
- Num.19:11 (thematic): General law that touching a dead body renders a person unclean for seven days — parallels the principle that contact with a carcass causes ritual impurity.
- Lev.15:11 (thematic): Law about becoming unclean by touching a contaminant and the requirement to wash — echoes Leviticus’ repeated pattern that contact with impurity (including corpses) requires cleansing.
Alternative generated candidates
- Nevertheless a spring or a cistern, a gathering of water, shall be clean; but whoever touches their carcass shall be unclean.
- Nevertheless, a spring or a cistern, a collection of water, shall be clean; but whoever touches their carcass shall be unclean.
Lev.11.37 - Details
Translation
Original Text
Morphology
- וכי: CONJ
- יפל: VERB,qal,imperfect,3,m,sg
- מנבלתם: PREP+NOUN,f,sg,abs,3,m,pl
- על: PREP
- כל: DET
- זרע: NOUN,m,sg,abs
- זרוע: ADJ,f,sg,abs
- אשר: PRON,rel
- יזרע: VERB,qal,imperfect,3,m,sg
- טהור: ADJ,m,sg
- הוא: PRON,3,m,sg
Parallels
- Leviticus 11:36 (verbal): Immediate context: states the same rule that parts of a carcass falling on seed (before sowing) are considered clean — closely parallel wording and ruling.
- Leviticus 11:38 (verbal): Direct contrast in the same pericope: if water has been put on the seed and part of a carcass falls on it, the seed becomes unclean — clarifies the role of water in changing status.
- Leviticus 11:39 (thematic): Addresses the uncleanness of touching an animal that dies of itself and the resulting impurity until evening — related concern with carcasses and ritual purity.
- Numbers 19:11-12 (thematic): Laws about contact with dead bodies making a person unclean and the need for purification with water — parallels the impure status conferred by corpses and the remedial use of water.
- Deuteronomy 14:21 (thematic): Prohibits eating animals that die of themselves and prescribes disposal (or giving to the stranger), reflecting related regulations about handling carcasses and avoiding ritual/ceremonial defilement.
Alternative generated candidates
- And if any of their carcass falls upon any seed for sowing, that is to be sown, it is clean.
- And if any of their carcass falls upon any seed for sowing that is to be sown, it is clean.
Lev.11.38 - Details
Translation
Original Text
Morphology
- וכי: CONJ
- יתן: VERB,qal,imperf,3,m,sg
- מים: NOUN,m,pl,abs
- על: PREP
- זרע: NOUN,m,sg,abs
- ונפל: CONJ+VERB,qal,perf,3,m,sg
- מנבלתם: PREP+NOUN,f,sg,abs+3mp
- עליו: PREP,3,m,sg
- טמא: VERB,qal,perf,3,m,sg
- הוא: PRON,3,m,sg
- לכם: PREP,2,m,pl
Parallels
- Leviticus 11:36 (verbal): Uses the same legal logic and phrasing about water making objects unclean and the contamination of vessels, clothing, or containers when unclean matter falls into them.
- Leviticus 11:37 (structural): Immediately adjacent provision dealing with parts of carcasses falling on seed or foodstuffs and rendering them unclean—closely parallels the case of water causing impurity in 11:38.
- Leviticus 15:5-11 (thematic): Laws on bodily discharges where liquids transmit ritual impurity to garments, beds, and persons; parallels the principle that contact by a liquid can convey uncleanness to people and objects.
- Numbers 19:11-12 (thematic): Rules about becoming unclean through contact with a corpse and the required washing/period of uncleanness—connects to the broader Torah theme that contact (including via fluids) can transmit impurity and necessitate rites or separation.
Alternative generated candidates
- But if water has been put upon seed, and any of their carcass falls on it, it is unclean for you.
- But if water is put upon seed and any of their carcass falls upon it, it is unclean for you.
Lev.11.39 - Details
Translation
Original Text
Morphology
- וכי: CONJ
- ימות: VERB,qal,juss,3,m,sg
- מן: PREP
- הבהמה: NOUN,f,sg,def
- אשר: PRON,rel
- היא: PRON,dem,3,f,sg
- לכם: PREP,2,m,pl
- לאכלה: PREP+NOUN,f,sg,abs
- הנגע: PART,qal,ptcp,m,sg,def
- בנבלתה: PREP+NOUN,f,sg,abs+PRON,3,f,sg
- יטמא: VERB,qal,impf,3,m,sg
- עד: PREP
- הערב: NOUN,m,sg,def
Parallels
- Lev.17:15 (verbal): Directly parallels the law about eating a carcass or dead animal: the eater (and those who touch such flesh) must wash and is unclean until evening — very similar wording and ritual consequence.
- Deut.14:21 (structural): Restates the prohibition/handling of animals that die of themselves and instructions regarding such carcasses; repeats the broader dietary/holiness framework of Lev.11:39.
- Num.19:11 (thematic): Addresses ritual impurity resulting from contact with the dead (here a human corpse), showing a related principle that touching death causes impurity and requires prescribed purification.
- Lev.5:2 (thematic): Concern with becoming unclean by touching an unclean thing (including carcasses); connects the accidental/unknown contact motif and the legal responses to ritual impurity.
Alternative generated candidates
- And if any of the animals which you may eat dies, whoever touches its carcass shall be unclean until evening.
- And if any animal of which you may eat dies, whoever touches its carcass shall be unclean until evening.
Lev.11.40 - Details
Translation
Original Text
Morphology
- והאכל: CONJ+VERB,qal,ptc,-,m,sg
- מנבלתה: PREP+NOUN,f,sg,abs+3f
- יכבס: VERB,qal,impf,3,m,sg
- בגדיו: NOUN,m,pl,abs+PRON,3,m,sg
- וטמא: CONJ+VERB,qal,impf,3,m,sg
- עד: PREP
- הערב: NOUN,m,sg,def
- והנשא: CONJ+VERB,qal,ptc,-,m,sg
- את: PRT,acc
- נבלתה: NOUN,f,sg,abs+3f
- יכבס: VERB,qal,impf,3,m,sg
- בגדיו: NOUN,m,pl,abs+PRON,3,m,sg
- וטמא: CONJ+VERB,qal,impf,3,m,sg
- עד: PREP
- הערב: NOUN,m,sg,def
Parallels
- Leviticus 11:33 (verbal): Uses the same prescription: whoever eats a carcass must wash his clothes and is unclean until evening — nearly identical wording and legal consequence.
- Leviticus 11:31 (structural): Neighboring verse in the same dietary section prescribing uncleanness until evening for touching carcasses; establishes the broader legal pattern repeated in v.40.
- Numbers 19:12 (verbal): Prescribes washing clothes and being unclean until evening for one who touches a slain animal — parallels the same ritual consequence and wording.
- Deuteronomy 14:8 (thematic): Reiterates the dietary/taboo principle concerning carcasses (do not eat or touch animals that die of themselves), thematically linked to the impurity rules of Lev 11:40.
Alternative generated candidates
- And whoever eats of its carcass shall wash his garments and be unclean until evening; and whoever carries its carcass shall wash his garments and be unclean until evening.
- And whoever eats of its carcass shall wash his clothes and be unclean until evening; and whoever carries its carcass shall wash his clothes and be unclean until evening.
Lev.11.41 - Details
Translation
Original Text
Morphology
- וכל: CONJ+PRON,indef
- השרץ: NOUN,m,sg,def
- השרץ: NOUN,m,sg,def
- על: PREP
- הארץ: NOUN,f,sg,def
- שקץ: NOUN,m,sg,abs
- הוא: PRON,3,m,sg
- לא: PART_NEG
- יאכל: VERB,qal,impf,3,m,sg
Parallels
- Leviticus 11:29-30 (verbal): Lists creeping things on the ground that are 'an abomination' and must not be eaten—near-verbal parallel and part of the same dietary catalogue.
- Leviticus 11:20-23 (verbal): Deals with winged swarming things and declares certain insects detestable and unfit to eat, continuing the same prohibition motif.
- Leviticus 11:43-44 (structural): Repeats the ban on making oneself 'abominable' by contact with swarming things and grounds the dietary laws in holiness ('I am the LORD; be holy').
- Deuteronomy 14:19-20 (thematic): Reiterates the prohibition against eating swarming creatures in the Deuteronomic restatement of Israel’s food laws—same legal-theological category of unclean/abominable animals.
- Isaiah 66:17 (thematic): Condemns those who eat 'abominations' (including certain animals) as participating in religious impurity and judgment—uses dietary practice as a moral/theological sign.
Alternative generated candidates
- And every swarming thing that swarms on the earth is detestable; it shall not be eaten.
- And every swarming thing that swarms on the earth is a detestable thing; it shall not be eaten.
Lev.11.42 - Details
Translation
Original Text
Morphology
- כל: DET
- הולך: VERB,qal,ptc,3,m,sg
- על: PREP
- גח: NOUN,m,sg,abs
- וכל: CONJ+PRON,indef
- הולך: VERB,qal,ptc,3,m,sg
- על: PREP
- ארבע: NUM,card,f
- עד: PREP
- כל: DET
- מרבה: ADJ,m,sg,abs
- רגלים: NOUN,f,pl,abs
- לכל: PREP
- השרץ: NOUN,m,sg,def
- השרץ: NOUN,m,sg,def
- על: PREP
- הארץ: NOUN,f,sg,def
- לא: PART_NEG
- תאכלום: VERB,qal,impf,2,m,pl,obj=3,m,pl
- כי: CONJ
- שקץ: NOUN,m,sg,abs
- הם: PRON,personal,3,m,pl
Parallels
- Lev.11.41 (verbal): Immediate parallel in the same pericope: repeats the prohibition against swarming/creeping things and uses nearly identical language ('every creeping thing that creeps on the earth… you shall not eat').
- Lev.11.43 (thematic): Continuation of the Levitical law: links the ban on creeping creatures to ritual purity, calling them abominations and commanding Israelites not to defile themselves.
- Deut.14.7-8 (thematic): Deuteronomic recapitulation of Israelite dietary laws—echoes Leviticus by distinguishing clean and unclean animals and reiterating prohibitions concerning animals that do not meet the dietary criteria.
- Gen.1.24-25 (structural): Uses the same taxonomy ('creeping things'/'swarming things') in the creation account; provides the broader classificatory background for the creatures that Leviticus later regulates.
Alternative generated candidates
- Whatever goes on its belly, and whatever goes on all fours, even to whatever has many feet—among all the swarming things that swarm on the earth—you shall not eat them, for they are detestable.
- Whatever goes on the belly, and whatever goes on four, and whatever has many feet—of all the swarming things that swarm on the earth—you shall not eat them, for they are detestable.
Lev.11.43 - Details
Translation
Original Text
Morphology
- אל: NEG
- תשקצו: VERB,qal,impf,2,m,pl
- את: PRT,acc
- נפשתיכם: NOUN,f,pl,poss,2,m,pl
- בכל: PREP+NOUN,m,sg,abs
- השרץ: NOUN,m,sg,def
- השרץ: NOUN,m,sg,def
- ולא: CONJ
- תטמאו: VERB,qal,impf,2,m,pl
- בהם: PREP+PRON,3,m,pl
- ונטמתם: VERB,nip,perf,2,m,pl
- בם: PREP+PRON,3,m,pl
Parallels
- Lev.11.44 (structural): Immediate continuation of the same passage: reiterates the prohibition and grounds it in God's holiness ('for I am the LORD'), connecting uncleanness from creeping things to the call to be holy.
- Lev.20.25 (verbal): Uses similar language forbidding Israelites to make themselves unclean with creatures that creep on the ground and commands a distinction between clean and unclean animals.
- Deut.14.3 (verbal): Repeats the dietary prohibition formula ('You shall not eat any detestable thing'), restating the Levitical ban on abominable/unclean creatures.
- Acts 10:14-15 (allusion): Peter's vision addresses the food/clean–unclean distinction: God tells him not to call common or unclean what He has cleansed, directly engaging the Levitical prohibitions on certain animals.
- Mark 7:19 (thematic): Jesus' declaration that foods are clean (interpreted as abrogating ritual food laws) stands in thematic contrast to Leviticus' prohibition against defilement by creeping things.
Alternative generated candidates
- Do not make yourselves detestable with any swarming thing that swarms, and do not defile yourselves with them and so become unclean by them.
- You shall not make yourselves detestable with any swarming thing that swarms, and you shall not make yourselves unclean with them, and so be defiled by them.
Lev.11.44 - Details
Translation
Original Text
Morphology
- כי: CONJ
- אני: PRON,1,sg
- יהוה: NOUN,prop,m,sg,abs
- אלהיכם: NOUN,m,pl,abs+PRON,2,m,pl
- והתקדשתם: VERB,hitp,perf,2,m,pl
- והייתם: VERB,qal,perf,2,m,pl
- קדשים: NOUN,m,pl,abs
- כי: CONJ
- קדוש: ADJ,m,sg,abs
- אני: PRON,1,sg
- ולא: CONJ
- תטמאו: VERB,qal,impf,2,m,pl
- את: PRT,acc
- נפשתיכם: NOUN,f,pl,abs,2,mp
- בכל: PREP+NOUN,m,sg,abs
- השרץ: NOUN,m,sg,def
- הרמש: NOUN,m,sg,def
- על: PREP
- הארץ: NOUN,f,sg,def
Parallels
- Lev.19.2 (verbal): Same formula: “You shall be holy, for I the LORD your God am holy.” Direct reiteration of the command to be holy because God is holy.
- Lev.20.7-8 (verbal): Uses the identical summons to consecrate yourselves and be holy and grounds it in the LORD’s identity as your God—close repetition of language and legal intent.
- Lev.11.45 (structural): Immediate context: repeats the divine self-identification and grounds Israel’s holiness in God’s act of deliverance, reinforcing the prohibition against defilement.
- Deut.14.2 (thematic): Connects holiness to Israel’s election and separateness: “For you are a people holy to the LORD your God… he has chosen you,” linking moral/ritual purity to God’s identity and choice.
- 1 Pet.1.15-16 (quotation): New Testament citation and application of the Levitical formula: “As he who called you is holy, you also be holy… ‘You shall be holy, for I am holy,’” explicitly quoting and moralizing the Levitical command.
Alternative generated candidates
- For I am the LORD your God; consecrate yourselves, and you shall be holy, for I am holy. And you shall not defile yourselves with any swarming thing that moves upon the earth.
- For I am the LORD your God; consecrate yourselves and be holy, for I am holy. And you shall not make yourselves unclean with any swarming thing that moves on the earth.
Lev.11.45 - Details
Translation
Original Text
Morphology
- כי: CONJ
- אני: PRON,1,sg
- יהוה: NOUN,prop,m,sg,abs
- המעלה: VERB,hiph,ptcp,-,m,sg
- אתכם: PRT+PRON,2,m,pl
- מארץ: PREP+NOUN,f,sg,abs
- מצרים: NOUN,f,pl,abs
- להית: VERB,qal,inf,-,-,-
- לכם: PREP,2,m,pl
- לאלהים: PREP+NOUN,m,sg,abs
- והייתם: VERB,qal,perf,2,m,pl
- קדשים: NOUN,m,pl,abs
- כי: CONJ
- קדוש: ADJ,m,sg,abs
- אני: PRON,1,sg
Parallels
- Leviticus 19:2 (verbal): Uses the same imperative and wording—'Be holy, for I the LORD your God am holy'—direct verbal parallel commanding the community to holiness because God is holy.
- Leviticus 20:7-8 (thematic): Calls for consecration and holiness ('sanctify yourselves... be holy') on the basis of YHWH's holiness, linking ritual/ethical purity to covenant identity similar to Lev 11:45.
- Exodus 20:2 (structural): Contains the covenantal preface 'I am the LORD your God, who brought you out of Egypt,' the same deliverance formula invoked in Lev 11:45 as the basis for God's authority to command holiness.
- 1 Peter 1:16 (quotation): New Testament citation ('Be holy, because I am holy') that explicitly echoes the Levitical command, applying the Old Testament summons to holiness to the Christian community.
Alternative generated candidates
- For I am the LORD who brought you up out of the land of Egypt to be your God; so you shall be holy, for I am holy.
- For I am the LORD who brought you up from the land of Egypt, to be your God; and you shall be holy, for I am holy.
Lev.11.46 - Details
Translation
Original Text
Morphology
- זאת: DEM,f,sg
- תורת: NOUN,f,sg,cons
- הבהמה: NOUN,f,sg,def
- והעוף: CONJ+NOUN,m,sg,def
- וכל: CONJ+PRON,indef
- נפש: NOUN,f,sg,abs
- החיה: ADJ,f,sg,def
- הרמשת: VERB,qal,ptcp,3,f,sg,def
- במים: PREP
- ולכל: CONJ+PREP+DET
- נפש: NOUN,f,sg,abs
- השרצת: VERB,qal,ptcp,3,f,sg,def
- על: PREP
- הארץ: NOUN,f,sg,def
Parallels
- Leviticus 11:2-3 (verbal): Immediate context giving the same injunction to distinguish clean and unclean animals — a direct verbal and legal parallel to the summary statement in 11:46.
- Leviticus 11:44-45 (structural): Close structural parallel within the chapter: the holiness command links the dietary/animal laws to Israel’s sanctification, framing the laws summarized in 11:46.
- Deuteronomy 14:3-21 (verbal): Repetition of the dietary regulations (clean and unclean animals) in Deuteronomy, paralleling Leviticus’ categories and prohibitions.
- Genesis 1:20-25 (thematic): Creation account classifying birds, sea creatures, and living things that creep on the earth — thematic overlap with Leviticus’ categories of animals.
- Acts 10:9-16 (allusion): Peter’s vision about clean and unclean animals alludes to the Levitical distinctions and functions as a theological reinterpretation of those dietary/animal categories.
Alternative generated candidates
- This is the law concerning the beast and the bird and every living thing that moves in the waters, and every creature that swarms on the earth,
- This is the law of the animal and of the bird and of every living creature that moves in the waters, and of every living creature that swarms on the earth,
Lev.11.47 - Details
Translation
Original Text
Morphology
- להבדיל: VERB,hifil,infc
- בין: PREP
- הטמא: ADJ,m,sg,def
- ובין: CONJ+PREP
- הטהר: ADJ,m,sg,def
- ובין: CONJ+PREP
- החיה: NOUN,f,sg,def
- הנאכלת: VERB,niphal,part,f,sg,def
- ובין: CONJ+PREP
- החיה: NOUN,f,sg,def
- אשר: PRON,rel
- לא: PART_NEG
- תאכל: VERB,qal,impf,3,f,sg
Parallels
- Leviticus 10:10-11 (verbal): Explicitly commands Aaron and his sons to distinguish between the holy and the common and between the unclean and the clean—same instruction and phrasing given here for priestly duty.
- Leviticus 11:44 (structural): Immediate context in the same chapter: calls Israel to be holy and links that holiness to avoiding uncleanness and observing the clean/unclean distinctions.
- Deuteronomy 14:3-21 (thematic): Gives the Deuteronomic list of clean and unclean animals and regulations about what may be eaten, reflecting the same concern to separate edible (clean) from non‑edible (unclean) creatures.
- Ezekiel 44:23 (verbal): Speaks of priests teaching the people to discern between the holy and the profane and between the unclean and the clean—echoes the priestly pedagogical role and language of Leviticus 11:47.
Alternative generated candidates
- to distinguish between the unclean and the clean, and between the creature that may be eaten and the creature that may not be eaten.
- to distinguish between the unclean and the clean, and between the living creature that is eaten and the living creature that is not eaten.
And the LORD spoke to Moses and to Aaron, saying to them:
Speak to the Israelites, saying: These are the animals that you shall eat from among all the beasts that are on the earth:
Every animal that parts the hoof and splits the hoof into two, and that chews the cud, among the beasts—you may eat.
Only, these you shall not eat from among those that chew the cud or from among those that part the hoof: the camel, for it chews the cud but does not split the hoof—it is unclean for you;
and the rock hyrax, for it chews the cud but does not split the hoof—it is unclean for you;
and the hare, for it chews the cud but does not split the hoof—it is unclean for you;
and the pig, for it parts the hoof and splits the hoof, but it does not chew the cud—it is unclean for you.
Of their flesh you shall not eat, and their carcasses you shall not touch; they are unclean for you.
These you may eat of all that are in the waters: whatever has fins and scales in the waters, in the seas and in the rivers—you may eat. But whatever does not have fins and scales in the seas and in the rivers, from all the swarming things of the waters and from every living soul that is in the waters—they are detestable to you. And they shall be detestable to you; you shall not eat of their flesh, and you shall detest their carcasses.
Everything in the waters that does not have fins and scales—it is detestable to you. And these you shall detest among the birds; they shall not be eaten—they are detestable: the eagle, the vulture, and the black vulture;
and the kite and the falcon according to its kind;
every raven according to its kind;
and the ostrich, and the nighthawk, and the sea gull, and the hawk according to its kind;
and the little owl, and the cormorant, and the great owl;
and the white owl, and the pelican, and the carrion vulture;
and the stork, the heron according to its kind, and the hoopoe, and the bat.
Every winged swarming creature that goes on fours—it is detestable to you.
Yet these you may eat of all the winged swarming creatures that go on fours: those that have jointed legs above their feet, with which to leap upon the earth.
These of them you may eat: the locust according to its kind, the bald locust according to its kind, the cricket according to its kind, and the grasshopper according to its kind. But every winged swarming creature that has four legs—it is detestable to you. And by these you shall become unclean; whoever touches their carcass shall be unclean until the evening. And whoever carries any of their carcasses shall wash his garments and be unclean until the evening.
Every beast that has a hoof that is parted but is not split, and does not chew the cud—they are unclean for you; whoever touches them shall be unclean. And whatever goes upon its paws among all the animals that go on fours—they are unclean for you; whoever touches their carcass shall be unclean until the evening. And whoever carries their carcass shall wash his garments and be unclean until the evening; they are unclean for you. And this is unclean for you among the swarming things that swarm on the earth: the weasel, and the mouse, and the great lizard according to its kind;
and the gecko, and the monitor lizard, and the lizard, and the sand lizard, and the chameleon.
These are unclean for you among all the swarming things; whoever touches them when they are dead shall be unclean until the evening. And anything upon which any of them falls when they are dead shall be unclean: whether an article of wood, or a garment, or leather, or sackcloth—any vessel with which work is done—it shall be put into water and shall be unclean until the evening; then it shall be clean. And any earthenware vessel into which any of them falls—whatever is in it shall be unclean, and you shall break it.
Any food that may be eaten, upon which water comes, shall be unclean; and any drink that may be drunk in any vessel shall be unclean. And anything upon which any of their carcass falls shall be unclean; an oven or a stove shall be broken down—they are unclean and shall be unclean for you.
Nevertheless, a spring or a cistern, a gathering of water, shall remain clean; but whoever touches their carcass shall be unclean. And if any of their carcass falls upon any sowing seed that is to be sown, it is clean. But if water has been put on the seed and any of their carcass falls upon it, it is unclean for you. And if any of the beasts that are yours for food dies, whoever touches its carcass shall be unclean until the evening. And whoever eats of its carcass shall wash his garments and be unclean until the evening; and whoever carries its carcass shall wash his garments and be unclean until the evening. And every swarming thing that swarms on the earth is detestable; it shall not be eaten.
Whatever goes on its belly, and whatever goes on all fours, and whatever has many feet, among all the swarming things that swarm on the earth—you shall not eat them, for they are detestable.
You shall not make yourselves detestable with any of the swarming things that swarm; and you shall not defile yourselves with them, and so become unclean through them.
For I am the LORD your God; consecrate yourselves and be holy, for I am holy. And you shall not defile yourselves with any of the swarming thing that moves upon the earth.
For I am the LORD who brought you up from the land of Egypt to be your God; and you shall be holy, for I am holy.
This is the law of the beast and the bird and every living creature that moves in the waters, and of every creature that swarms upon the earth,
to distinguish between the unclean and the clean, and between the animal that may be eaten and the animal that may not be eaten.