The Supremacy of the Son
Hebrews 1:1-14
Heb.1.1 - Details
Translation
Original Text
Morphology
- Πολυμερως: ADV
- και: CONJ
- πολυτροπως: ADV
- παλαι: ADV
- ο: ART,nom,sg,m
- θεος: NOUN,nom,sg,m
- λαλησας: VERB,aor,act,ptcp,nom,sg,m
- τοις: ART,dat,pl,n
- πατρασιν: NOUN,dat,pl,m
- εν: PREP
- τοις: ART,dat,pl,n
- προφηταις: NOUN,dat,pl,m
Parallels
- Luke 1:70 (verbal): Echoes the phraseology and idea of God speaking 'by the mouth of his holy prophets,' closely paralleling Hebrews' claim that God spoke to the fathers through the prophets.
- Acts 3:18 (verbal): Speaks of what God 'before had shewed by the mouth of all his prophets,' directly paralleling Hebrews' language about God's prior speech through the prophets.
- Amos 3:7 (allusion): Expresses the OT theological premise that the LORD reveals his purposes through his prophets—background assumption behind Hebrews' statement about God's spoke through the prophets.
- 2 Peter 1:21 (thematic): Develops the same theme that prophecy originates from God (men spake as they were moved by the Holy Spirit), aligning with Hebrews' claim that God spoke through prophets.
- 2 Samuel 23:2 (verbal): Uses the formula 'the Spirit of the LORD spake by me,' reflecting the OT motif of God speaking through a human spokesman paralleled in Hebrews 1:1.
Alternative generated candidates
- Long ago and in many ways God spoke to our fathers by the prophets,
- Long ago, at many times and in many ways God spoke to our fathers by the prophets.
Heb.1.2 - Details
Translation
Original Text
Morphology
- επ᾽εσχατου: PREP+ADJ,gen,sg,m
- των: ART,gen,pl,m
- ημερων: NOUN,gen,pl,f
- τουτων: PRON,gen,pl,m
- ελαλησεν: VERB,aor,act,ind,3,sg
- ημιν: PRON,dat,pl,1
- εν: PREP
- υιω: NOUN,dat,sg,m
- ον: PART,pres,act,nom,sg,m
- εθηκεν: VERB,aor,act,ind,3,sg
- κληρονομον: NOUN,acc,sg,m
- παντων: ADJ,gen,pl,m
- δι᾽ου: PREP+REL,gen,sg,m
- και: CONJ
- εποιησεν: VERB,aor,act,ind,3,sg
- τους: ART,acc,pl,m
- αιωνας·: NOUN,acc,pl,m
Parallels
- John 1:1-3 (verbal): The Word (Logos) is with God and by him all things were made—parallels Hebrews' claim that the Son is the agent through whom God made the ages/all things.
- Colossians 1:15-17 (verbal): Describes the Son as the image of the invisible God and the agent of creation (all things created in him), echoing Hebrews' emphasis on the Son's role in making the ages and his preeminence.
- Psalm 2:7 (allusion): Affirms divine sonship ('You are my Son'); Hebrews elsewhere explicitly cites this verse to support the Son's unique status and appointment—resonant with 'by his Son' and 'he appointed heir.'
- Joel 2:28 (thematic): Uses the phrase 'in the last days' (latter days); Hebrews' opening clause 'in these last days' echoes prophetic expectation that God speaks in the eschatological era.
- Galatians 4:6-7 (thematic): Links sonship to inheritance: believers are sons and therefore heirs. Hebrews' phrase 'whom he appointed heir of all things' resonates with New Testament teaching that sonship entails heirship.
Alternative generated candidates
- but in these last days he has spoken to us by his Son, whom he appointed heir of all things, through whom also he made the ages;
- But in these last days he has spoken to us by a Son, whom he appointed heir of all things — through whom also he made the ages.
Heb.1.3 - Details
Translation
Original Text
Morphology
- ος: PRON,nom,sg,m
- ων: PRON,gen,pl,m
- απαυγασμα: NOUN,nom,sg,n
- της: ART,gen,sg,f
- δοξης: NOUN,gen,sg,f
- και: CONJ
- χαρακτηρ: NOUN,nom,sg,m
- της: ART,gen,sg,f
- υποστασεως: NOUN,gen,sg,f
- αυτου: PRON,gen,sg,m
- φερων: VERB,pres,act,part,nom,sg,m
- τε: CONJ
- τα: ART,acc,pl,n
- παντα: ADJ,nom,pl,n
- τω: ART,dat,sg,m
- ρηματι: NOUN,dat,sg,n
- της: ART,gen,sg,f
- δυναμεως: NOUN,gen,sg,f
- δι᾽αυτου: PREP+PRON,gen,sg,m
- καθαρισμον: NOUN,acc,sg,m
- των: ART,gen,pl,m
- αμαρτιων: NOUN,gen,pl,f
- ποιησαμενος: VERB,aor,mid,part,nom,sg,m
- εκαθισεν: VERB,aor,act,ind,3,sg
- εν: PREP
- δεξια: NOUN,nom,sg,f
- της: ART,gen,sg,f
- μεγαλωσυνης: NOUN,gen,sg,f
- εν: PREP
- υψηλοις: ADJ,dat,pl,m
Parallels
- Colossians 1:15-17 (verbal): Calls Christ the image of the invisible God and affirms that by him all things were created and are held together—parallels 'character (χαρακτὴρ) of his substance' and 'bearing all things by the word of his power.'
- John 1:1-3,14 (thematic): The Word was with God and through him all things were made, and the Word became flesh and revealed God's glory—echoes the ideas of divine radiance, revelation of God's being, and creative/sustaining activity.
- Psalm 110:1 (quotation): The imagery of Christ 'sitting at the right hand of Majesty on high' directly echoes Ps 110:1, a key Old Testament citation used elsewhere in Hebrews.
- Hebrews 9:14 (thematic): Speaks of Christ's sacrificial action purifying/consecrating conscience and dealing with sins—parallels 'making purification of sins' in Heb 1:3.
- Ephesians 1:20-22 (structural): Describes God raising Christ and seating him at his right hand in the heavenly places, far above all rule and authority—parallels the exaltation language of Heb 1:3.
Alternative generated candidates
- who is the radiance of God's glory and the exact imprint of his nature, and who upholds all things by the word of his power. After he had provided purification for sins, he sat down at the right hand of the Majesty on high,
- He is the radiance of his glory and the exact imprint of his nature, and he upholds the universe by the word of his power. After making purification for sins, he sat down at the right hand of the Majesty on high.
Heb.1.4 - Details
Translation
Original Text
Morphology
- τοσουτω: PRON,dat,sg,n
- κρειττων: ADJ,comp,nom,sg,m
- γενομενος: VERB,aor,mid,ptc,nom,sg,m
- των: ART,gen,pl,m
- αγγελων: NOUN,gen,pl,m
- οσω: ADV
- διαφορωτερον: ADV,comp
- παρ᾽αυτους: PREP+PRON,acc,pl,m
- κεκληρονομηκεν: VERB,perf,act,ind,3,sg
- ονομα: NOUN,acc,sg,n
Parallels
- Philippians 2:9-11 (verbal): Explicitly states that God exalted Jesus and gave him 'the name that is above every name,' paralleling Heb.1:4's claim that he inherited a more excellent name than the angels.
- Colossians 1:15-18 (thematic): Affirms Christ's supreme status over all creation, rulers and powers—echoing Hebrews' argument that the Son is superior to angels and inherits preeminence.
- Psalm 110:1 (quotation): Quoted elsewhere in Hebrews (1:13) to demonstrate the Son's enthronement at God's right hand; supports the claim in Heb.1:4 about the Son's superior, inherited status compared to angels.
- Hebrews 2:9 (structural): Within the same letter this verse says Jesus was 'made a little lower than the angels' for a time and was 'crowned with glory and honor,' developing the theme of his exaltation and superiority over angels found in Heb.1:4.
- 1 Corinthians 15:24-28 (thematic): Describes the final subjection of all things to the Son so that God may be all in all, paralleling Hebrews' emphasis on the Son's ultimate supremacy and inherited authority above angelic beings.
Alternative generated candidates
- having become as much superior to the angels as the name he has inherited is more excellent than theirs.
- Being made so much superior to the angels as he has inherited a more excellent name than they.
Heb.1.5 - Details
Translation
Original Text
Morphology
- Τινι: PRON,dat,sg,m
- γαρ: PART
- ειπεν: VERB,aor,act,ind,3,sg
- ποτε: ADV
- των: ART,gen,pl,m
- αγγελων·Υιος: NOUN,gen,pl,m
- μου: PRON,gen,sg,1
- ει: VERB,pres,act,ind,2,sg
- συ: PRON,nom,sg,2
- εγω: PRON,nom,sg,1
- σημερον: ADV
- γεγεννηκα: VERB,perf,act,ind,1,sg
- σε: PRON,acc,sg,2
- και: CONJ
- παλιν·Εγω: ADV
- εσομαι: VERB,fut,mid,ind,1,sg
- αυτω: PRON,dat,sg,m
- εις: PREP
- πατερα: NOUN,acc,sg,m
- και: CONJ
- αυτος: PRON,nom,sg,3,m
- εσται: VERB,fut,mid,ind,3,sg
- μοι: PRON,dat,sg,1
- εις: PREP
- υιον: NOUN,acc,sg,m
Parallels
- Psalm 2:7 (verbal): Direct source quoted in Hebrews 1:5: 'You are my Son; today I have begotten you' (the exact wording Hebrews cites).
- 2 Samuel 7:14 (1 Chronicles 17:13) (verbal): Davidic covenant promise: 'I will be to him a father, and he shall be to me a son' — the second clause echoed verbatim in Hebrews 1:5.
- Acts 13:33 (quotation): Paul cites Psalm 2:7 in his synagogue sermon, applying 'You are my Son; today I have begotten you' to Jesus' resurrection — a New Testament use of the same proof-text as Hebrews.
- Matthew 3:17 (cf. Matthew 17:5) (thematic): Divine voice declaring Jesus 'my Son' at his baptism (and transfiguration) — a thematic affirmation of the Sonship that Hebrews grounds in OT citations.
- Hebrews 5:5 (structural): Internal parallel within Hebrews where the author again appeals to 'You are my Son; today I have begotten you' to argue for Christ's appointed priesthood — same citation used for a related theological point.
Alternative generated candidates
- For to which of the angels did he ever say, “You are my Son; today I have begotten you”? Or again, “I will be to him a Father, and he shall be to me a Son”?
- For to which of the angels did God ever say, 'You are my Son; today I have begotten you'? Or again, 'I will be to him a father, and he shall be to me a son'?
Heb.1.6 - Details
Translation
Original Text
Morphology
- οταν: CONJ
- δε: CONJ
- παλιν: ADV
- εισαγαγη: VERB,aor,act,sub,3,sg
- τον: ART,acc,sg,m
- πρωτοτοκον: NOUN,acc,sg,m
- εις: PREP
- την: ART,acc,sg,f
- οικουμενην: NOUN,acc,sg,f
- λεγει·Και: VERB,pres,act,ind,3,sg
- προσκυνησατωσαν: VERB,aor,act,imp,3,pl
- αυτω: PRON,dat,sg,m
- παντες: ADJ,nom,pl,m
- αγγελοι: NOUN,nom,pl,m
- θεου: NOUN,gen,sg,m
Parallels
- Psalm 97:7 (LXX 96:7) (quotation): Hebrews 1:6 closely echoes the Septuagint wording of this psalm ('Let all God’s angels worship him'), applying the OT line to the Son.
- Deuteronomy 32:43 (LXX) (allusion): The LXX version of Deut 32:43 contains a call for the angels/heavens to worship—Hebrews appears to draw on this LXX tradition in addressing angels' homage to the Son.
- Revelation 5:11-14 (thematic): John's vision depicts multitudes of angels and heavenly creatures worshiping the Lamb, paralleling Hebrews' claim that angels worship the Son.
- Philippians 2:9-11 (thematic): Paul's proclamation that every knee shall bow and every tongue confess Jesus as Lord complements Hebrews' emphasis that the Son receives universal homage, including from angels.
Alternative generated candidates
- And again, when he brings the firstborn into the world he says, “Let all God's angels worship him.”
- And again, when he brings the firstborn into the world he says, 'Let all God's angels worship him.'
Heb.1.7 - Details
Translation
Original Text
Morphology
- και: CONJ
- προς: PREP
- μεν: PART
- τους: ART,acc,pl,m
- αγγελους: NOUN,acc,pl,m
- λεγει·Ο: VERB,pres,act,ind,3,sg
- ποιων: VERB,pres,act,part,nom,sg,m
- τους: ART,acc,pl,m
- αγγελους: NOUN,acc,pl,m
- αυτου: PRON,gen,sg,m
- πνευματα: NOUN,nom,pl,n
- και: CONJ
- τους: ART,acc,pl,m
- λειτουργους: NOUN,acc,pl,m
- αυτου: PRON,gen,sg,m
- πυρος: NOUN,gen,sg,n
- φλογα·: NOUN,acc,sg,f
Parallels
- Psalm 104:4 (LXX) (quotation): Hebrews 1:7 cites the LXX wording of this verse almost verbatim — 'making his angels winds, his ministers a flame of fire.'
- Hebrews 1:14 (verbal): Same epistle uses closely related language ('ministering/ λειτουργικα πνεύματα') to describe angels as ministering spirits sent to serve believers.
- Psalm 103:20 (Psalm 104:4 MT parallel) (thematic): Calls on God's angels as mighty ones who do his word/commands, emphasizing their role as God's obedient servants.
- Psalm 34:7 (thematic): Describes an angel of the LORD encamping around and delivering the fearful — illustrating the protective, ministering role attributed to angels.
- Acts 12:7–11 (structural): Narrative example of an angel intervening and ministering to rescue Peter, concretely demonstrating the ministering, serving function ascribed to angels in Hebrews 1:7.
Alternative generated candidates
- Of the angels he says, “He makes his angels winds and his servants a flame of fire.”
- Of the angels he says, 'He makes his angels winds, and his ministers a flame of fire.'
Heb.1.8 - Details
Translation
Original Text
Morphology
- προς: PREP
- δε: CONJ
- τον: ART,acc,sg,m
- υιον·Ο: NOUN,acc,sg,m
- θρονος: NOUN,nom,sg,m
- σου: PRON,gen,sg,2
- ο: ART,nom,sg,m
- θεος: NOUN,nom,sg,m
- εις: PREP
- τον: ART,acc,sg,m
- αιωνα: NOUN,acc,sg,m
- του: ART,gen,sg,n
- αιωνος: NOUN,gen,sg,m
- και: CONJ
- η: ART,nom,sg,f
- ραβδος: NOUN,nom,sg,f
- της: ART,gen,sg,f
- ευθυτητος: NOUN,gen,sg,f
- ραβδος: NOUN,nom,sg,f
- της: ART,gen,sg,f
- βασιλειας: NOUN,gen,sg,f
- σου: PRON,gen,sg,2
Parallels
- Psalm 45:6 (LXX Psalm 44:7) (quotation): Hebrews 1:8 directly quotes the LXX wording of Psalm 45:6 ('Thy throne, O God, is for ever and ever'), applying this royal, divine language to the Son.
- 2 Samuel 7:16 (allusion): God's promise that David's house and throne will be established forever provides the Old Testament background for attributing an eternal throne to the Davidic/kingly figure—here applied to the Son.
- Isaiah 9:6-7 (thematic): Isaiah speaks of a child given divine titles and an eternal rule ('of the increase of his government there will be no end'), echoing the themes of everlasting reign and divine kingship found in Hebrews 1:8.
- Psalm 2:7-9 (verbal): Psalm 2 presents royal imagery of rule and a scepter/rod (e.g., 'rule... with a rod of iron'), paralleling Hebrews' 'rod/scepter of righteousness' as language for the Messiah's sovereign, righteous rule.
Alternative generated candidates
- But of the Son he says, “Your throne, O God, is forever and ever; the scepter of uprightness is the scepter of your kingdom.
- But of the Son he says, 'Your throne, O God, is forever and ever; a scepter of uprightness is the scepter of your kingdom.'
Heb.1.9 - Details
Translation
Original Text
Morphology
- ηγαπησας: VERB,aor,act,part,nom,sg,m
- δικαιοσυνην: NOUN,acc,sg,f
- και: CONJ
- εμισησας: VERB,aor,act,part,nom,sg,m
- ανομιαν·δια: NOUN,acc,sg,f+PREP
- τουτο: PRON,nom,sg,n
- εχρισεν: VERB,aor,act,ind,3,sg
- σε: PRON,acc,sg,2
- ο: ART,nom,sg,m
- θεος: NOUN,nom,sg,m
- ο: ART,nom,sg,m
- θεος: NOUN,nom,sg,m
- σου: PRON,gen,sg,2
- ελαιον: NOUN,acc,sg,neut
- αγαλλιασεως: NOUN,gen,sg,f
- παρα: PREP
- τους: ART,acc,pl,m
- μετοχους: NOUN,acc,pl,m
- σου·: PRON,gen,sg,2
Parallels
- Psalm 45:7 (44:8 LXX) (quotation): Hebrews 1:9 directly quotes this psalm: the language about loving righteousness, hating lawlessness, and being anointed with the oil of gladness is taken from Psalm 45:7.
- Acts 10:38 (verbal): Speaks of God anointing Jesus of Nazareth with the Holy Spirit and power; parallels Hebrews' language of divine anointing and the messianic status of the one anointed.
- Isaiah 61:1 (thematic): Announces the anointed one sent to bring good news and deliverance; provides the broader messianic theme of divine anointing that Hebrews attributes to the Son.
- Psalm 89:20 (88:21 LXX) (allusion): Describes God finding and anointing David with holy oil; offers the royal-anointing background (kingship and divine choice) that undergirds Hebrews' application to the Son.
Alternative generated candidates
- You loved righteousness and hated lawlessness; therefore God, your God, has anointed you with the oil of gladness above your companions.”
- You have loved righteousness and hated lawlessness; therefore God, your God, has anointed you with the oil of gladness above your companions.
Heb.1.10 - Details
Translation
Original Text
Morphology
- και·Συ: CONJ+PRON,nom,sg,2
- κατ᾽αρχας: PREP+NOUN,gen,sg,f
- κυριε: NOUN,voc,sg,m
- την: ART,acc,sg,f
- γην: NOUN,acc,sg,f
- εθεμελιωσας: VERB,aor,act,ind,2,sg
- και: CONJ
- εργα: NOUN,acc,pl,n
- των: ART,gen,pl,m
- χειρων: NOUN,gen,pl,f
- σου: PRON,gen,sg,2
- εισιν: VERB,pres,act,ind,3,pl
- οι: ART,nom,pl,m
- ουρανοι·: NOUN,nom,pl,m
Parallels
- Psalm 102:25 (LXX) (quotation): Hebrews 1:10 is a direct citation of this Psalm verse (Septuagint), which says God laid the earth’s foundation and the heavens are the work of his hands.
- Job 38:4-7 (verbal): God’s challenge to Job—'Where were you when I laid the earth’s foundation?'—uses similar language of laying a foundation, echoing the creation imagery of Hebrews.
- Genesis 1:1 (structural): The opening phrase 'In the beginning' and the theme of God as creator provide the foundational creation context that Hebrews invokes in citing the Psalm.
- John 1:3 (thematic): John states that 'all things were made through him,' thematically linking the Son to the act of creation in the same way Hebrews applies the Psalm to the Son.
- Colossians 1:16 (allusion): Colossians explicitly ascribes creation to Christ ('by him all things were created'), supporting Hebrews’ use of the OT creation language to identify the Son as agent of creation.
Alternative generated candidates
- And, “You, Lord, in the beginning laid the foundation of the earth, and the heavens are the work of your hands;
- And, 'You, Lord, in the beginning laid the foundation of the earth, and the heavens are the works of your hands;'
Heb.1.11 - Details
Translation
Original Text
Morphology
- αυτοι: PRON,nom,pl,3
- απολουνται: VERB,fut,mid/pass,ind,3,pl
- συ: PRON,nom,sg,2
- δε: CONJ
- διαμενεις·και: VERB,pres,act,ind,2,sg
- παντες: ADJ,nom,pl,m
- ως: ADV
- ιματιον: NOUN,dat,sg,n
- παλαιωθησονται: VERB,fut,pass,ind,3,pl
Parallels
- Psalm 102:25-27 (quotation): Hebrews 1:10-12 directly quotes this Psalm (LXX/Hebrew) about the foundations of the earth, the perishability of creation, and God’s permanence; the ’garment’ imagery and contrast between what perishes and what remains come from this passage.
- Isaiah 51:6 (allusion): Isaiah speaks of the heavens and earth passing away and contrasts that transience with God’s enduring righteousness — a closely related motif to Hebrews’ emphasis on created things wearing out while God remains.
- 2 Peter 3:10-13 (thematic): Peter describes the heavens and earth passing away with a view to a new creation; this eschatological contrast between the transience of the present order and the eternal character of God echoes the theological point of Hebrews 1:11.
- Colossians 1:17 (thematic): Paul’s affirmation that the Son is before all things and that in him all things hold together complements Hebrews’ contrast between the perishing created order and the Son’s (and God’s) permanence and sovereignty over creation.
Alternative generated candidates
- they will perish, but you remain; they will all wear out like a garment,
- 'They will perish, but you remain; they will all grow old like a garment;'
Heb.1.12 - Details
Translation
Original Text
Morphology
- και: CONJ
- ωσει: ADV
- περιβολαιον: NOUN,acc,sg,n
- ελιξεις: VERB,fut,act,ind,2,sg
- αυτους: PRON,acc,pl,m
- ως: ADV
- ιματιον: NOUN,dat,sg,n
- και: CONJ
- αλλαγησονται·συ: VERB,fut,mid/pass,ind,3,pl+PRON,nom,sg,2
- δε: CONJ
- ο: ART,nom,sg,m
- αυτος: PRON,nom,sg,3,m
- ει: VERB,pres,act,ind,2,sg
- και: CONJ
- τα: ART,acc,pl,n
- ετη: NOUN,acc,pl,n
- σου: PRON,gen,sg,2
- ουκ: PART,neg
- εκλειψουσιν: VERB,fut,act,ind,3,pl
Parallels
- Psalm 102:25-27 (LXX/Ps 101:26-28) (quotation): Hebrews 1:10-12 explicitly quotes and adapts Psalm 102:25-27, using the image of rolling up garments and the contrast between the transience of creation and the unchanging character of God/Christ.
- Psalm 90:2 (thematic): Affirms God's eternality ('from everlasting to everlasting') which parallels Hebrews' claim that 'you are the same, and your years will not fail'—contrast between God's permanence and creation's perishability.
- Isaiah 40:6-8 (allusion): Declares the transience of people and creation ('all flesh is grass; the grass withers'), resonating with Hebrews' metaphor of creation aging like a garment and being changed.
- 2 Corinthians 4:18 (thematic): Sets the same theological contrast: what is seen (temporal creation) is transient, while what is unseen/enduring (God's reality and promises) is eternal, echoing Hebrews' contrast between passing creation and the unchanging Son.
Alternative generated candidates
- and like a robe you will roll them up and they will be changed. But you are the same, and your years will never end.”
- 'And as a cloak you will fold them up, and they will be changed; but you are the same, and your years will not fail.'
Heb.1.13 - Details
Translation
Original Text
Morphology
- προς: PREP
- τινα: PRON,acc,sg,m
- δε: CONJ
- των: ART,gen,pl,m
- αγγελων: NOUN,gen,pl,m
- ειρηκεν: VERB,perf,act,ind,3,sg
- ποτε·Καθου: ADV;VERB,pres,mid/dep,imp,2,sg
- εκ: PREP
- δεξιων: ADJ,gen,pl,m
- μου: PRON,gen,sg,1
- εως: CONJ
- αν: PART
- θω: VERB,aor,act,subj,1,sg
- τους: ART,acc,pl,m
- εχθρους: NOUN,acc,pl,m
- σου: PRON,gen,sg,2
- υποποδιον: NOUN,acc,sg,n
- των: ART,gen,pl,m
- ποδων: NOUN,gen,pl,m
- σου: PRON,gen,sg,2
Parallels
- Psalm 110:1 (quotation): The direct source quoted by Hebrews 1:13: 'Sit at my right hand until I make your enemies your footstool.'
- Matthew 22:44 (quotation): Jesus cites Psalm 110:1 ('The Lord said to my Lord... Sit at my right hand') to argue that David calls the Messiah 'Lord.'
- Acts 2:34-35 (quotation): Peter quotes Psalm 110:1 in his Pentecost sermon to show David foresaw the Messiah seated at God's right hand, with enemies as a footstool.
- Hebrews 10:12-13 (quotation): The same author of Hebrews reuses the Psalm 110:1 language about Christ sitting at God's right hand 'until his enemies are made his footstool.'
- 1 Corinthians 15:25 (verbal): Paul echoes the motif of Christ's reign 'until he has put all enemies under his feet,' paralleling the eschatological language of Psalm 110:1/Hebrews 1:13.
Alternative generated candidates
- And to which of the angels has he ever said, “Sit at my right hand, until I make your enemies a footstool for your feet”?
- And to which of the angels has he ever said, 'Sit at my right hand until I make your enemies a footstool for your feet'?
Heb.1.14 - Details
Translation
Original Text
Morphology
- ουχι: PART
- παντες: ADJ,nom,pl,m
- εισιν: VERB,pres,act,ind,3,pl
- λειτουργικα: ADJ,nom,pl,n
- πνευματα: NOUN,nom,pl,n
- εις: PREP
- διακονιαν: NOUN,acc,sg,fem
- αποστελλομενα: VERB,pres,pass,ptc,nom,pl,n
- δια: PREP
- τους: ART,acc,pl,m
- μελλοντας: VERB,pres,act,ptc,acc,pl,m
- κληρονομειν: VERB,pres,act,inf
- σωτηριαν: NOUN,acc,sg,f
Parallels
- Psalm 103:20 (verbal): Calls on God's angels to bless him and depicts them doing his commandments—echoes Hebrews' depiction of angels as ministering servants who execute God's will.
- Psalm 104:4 (verbal): Explicitly describes angels as ‘spirits’ and ‘ministers,’ closely paralleling Hebrews’ language of ministering spirits sent to serve.
- Psalm 34:7 (thematic): Describes the angel of the LORD encamping around and delivering those who fear God, reflecting the protective/serving role of angels toward the faithful.
- Matthew 18:10 (thematic): Jesus teaches that angels behold the Father’s face and attend to children/faithful persons, supporting the idea of angels assigned to care for believers.
- 1 Peter 1:12 (allusion): States that angels long to look into the salvation proclaimed to humans, linking angelic interest and involvement with the salvation heritage mentioned in Hebrews 1:14.
Alternative generated candidates
- Are they not all ministering spirits sent out to serve those who are to inherit salvation?
- Are they not all ministering spirits sent out to serve those who are to inherit salvation?
Long ago God spoke to our ancestors through the prophets at many times and in various ways,
but in these last days he has spoken to us by a Son, whom he appointed heir of all things, through whom also he made the ages.
He is the radiance of God's glory and the exact imprint of his being, upholding all things by the word of his power. After he had made purification for sins, he sat down at the right hand of the Majesty on high. So he became as much superior to the angels as the name he has inherited is more excellent than theirs.
For to which of the angels did God ever say, “You are my Son; today I have begotten you”? Or again, “I will be to him a father, and he shall be to me a son”? And again, when he brings the firstborn into the world he says, “Let all God’s angels worship him.”
Of the angels he says, “He makes his angels winds and his ministers flames of fire.” But of the Son he says, “Your throne, O God, is forever and ever, and the scepter of uprightness is the scepter of your kingdom.
You have loved righteousness and hated lawlessness; therefore God, your God, has anointed you with the oil of gladness above your companions.”
And, “You, Lord, in the beginning laid the foundation of the earth, and the heavens are the works of your hands;
they will perish, but you remain; they will all wear out like a garment,
and like a robe you will roll them up and they will be changed. But you are the same, and your years will never end.” And to which of the angels has he ever said, “Sit at my right hand until I make your enemies a footstool for your feet”?
Are they not all ministering spirits sent out to serve those who will inherit salvation?