Paul's Greeting and Defense of the Gospel
Galatians 1:1-10
Gal.1.1 - Details
Translation
Original Text
Morphology
- Παυλος: NOUN,nom,sg,m
- αποστολος: NOUN,nom,sg,m
- ουκ: PART,neg
- απ᾽ανθρωπων: PREP+NOUN,gen,pl,m
- ουδε: CONJ,neg
- δι᾽ανθρωπου: PREP+NOUN,gen,sg,m
- αλλα: CONJ
- δια: PREP
- Ιησου: NOUN,gen,sg,m
- Χριστου: NOUN,gen,sg,m
- και: CONJ
- θεου: NOUN,gen,sg,m
- πατρος: NOUN,gen,sg,m
- του: ART,gen,sg,n
- εγειραντος: VERB,aor,act,ptcp,gen,sg,m
- αυτον: PRON,acc,sg,m
- εκ: PREP
- νεκρων: NOUN,gen,pl,m
Parallels
- Galatians 1:11-12 (verbal): Paul explicitly states his gospel is not from human origin but received by revelation of Jesus Christ, directly echoing and amplifying the claim in 1:1 that his apostleship is from Christ and God, not from humans.
- Romans 1:1 (structural): Paul’s opening self-identification as an apostle (set apart for the gospel of God) parallels Galatians’ opening emphasis on apostolic status and divine commissioning.
- 1 Corinthians 1:1 (thematic): Paul again names himself an apostle and grounds his office in God’s will, similar to Galatians’ insistence that his apostleship derives from Christ and the Father rather than from human appointment.
- Acts 9:15 (allusion): God’s commission of Saul as a 'chosen instrument' to bear his name before the Gentiles parallels Paul’s claim that his apostolic authority is divinely sourced rather than humanly conferred.
- Romans 1:4 (thematic): Paul’s description of Jesus as 'appointed Son of God in power... by the resurrection from the dead' resonates with Galatians’ reference to 'God the Father who raised him from the dead,' linking the resurrection to divine validation of Christ and thus to apostolic commission.
Alternative generated candidates
- Paul, an apostle—sent not from men nor through a man, but through Jesus Christ and God the Father, who raised him from the dead—
- Paul, an apostle—sent not from men nor through a man, but through Jesus Christ and God the Father, who raised him from the dead—
Gal.1.2 - Details
Translation
Original Text
Morphology
- και: CONJ
- οι: ART,nom,pl,m
- συν: PREP
- εμοι: PRON,dat,sg,1
- παντες: ADJ,nom,pl,m
- αδελφοι: NOUN,nom,pl,m
- ταις: ART,dat,pl,f
- εκκλησιαις: NOUN,dat,pl,f
- της: ART,gen,sg,f
- Γαλατιας·: PN,gen,sg,f
Parallels
- Philippians 1:1 (structural): Greeting with Paul and a named companion (Timothy) as co-senders to a local congregation—same epistolary form of 'Paul and [companion] to the church(es) at...'.
- Colossians 1:1-2 (verbal): Paul and Timothy send greetings 'to the saints and faithful brothers in Christ at Colossae'—closely parallels addressing a specific church or churches and naming a brother with Paul.
- 2 Corinthians 1:1 (structural): Paul and Timothy addressed 'to the church of God at Corinth'—similar cast of greeting (Paul plus companion) and designation of the recipients as a church.
- 1 Thessalonians 1:1 (structural): Opening salutation 'Paul and Silas and Timothy, to the church of the Thessalonians'—another Pauline example naming co-workers alongside Paul when addressing a specific church.
Alternative generated candidates
- and all the brothers who are with me, to the churches of Galatia:
- and all the brothers who are with me, to the churches of Galatia:
Gal.1.3 - Details
Translation
Original Text
Morphology
- χαρις: NOUN,nom,sg,f
- υμιν: PRON,dat,pl,2
- και: CONJ
- ειρηνη: NOUN,nom,sg,f
- απο: PREP
- θεου: NOUN,gen,sg,m
- πατρος: NOUN,gen,sg,m
- και: CONJ
- κυριου: NOUN,gen,sg,m
- ημων: PRON,gen,pl,1
- Ιησου: NOUN,gen,sg,m
- Χριστου: NOUN,gen,sg,m
Parallels
- Rom.1.7 (verbal): Uses the same salutation formula: 'Grace to you and peace from God our Father and the Lord Jesus Christ'—a standard Pauline greeting.
- 1 Cor.1.3 (verbal): Nearly identical opening benediction—'Grace to you and peace from God our Father and the Lord Jesus Christ'—showing a recurring Pauline formula.
- 2 Cor.1.2 (verbal): Repeats the exact greeting language, linking Paul's letters by a consistent 'grace and peace from God our Father and the Lord Jesus Christ' salutation.
- Eph.1.2 (verbal): Employs the same twofold blessing—grace and peace—from 'God our Father and the Lord Jesus Christ,' reflecting the typical Pauline epistolary opening.
- Phil.1.2 (verbal): Contains the identical benediction ('Grace to you and peace from God our Father and the Lord Jesus Christ'), illustrating the standard greeting formula across Paul’s letters.
Alternative generated candidates
- Grace to you and peace from God our Father and the Lord Jesus Christ,
- Grace to you and peace from God our Father and the Lord Jesus Christ.
Gal.1.4 - Details
Translation
Original Text
Morphology
- του: ART,gen,sg,n
- δοντος: PART,pres,act,gen,sg,m
- εαυτον: PRON,acc,sg,masc,reflex
- υπερ: PREP
- των: ART,gen,pl,m
- αμαρτιων: NOUN,gen,pl,f
- ημων: PRON,gen,pl,1
- οπως: CONJ
- εξεληται: VERB,aor,mid,sub,3,sg
- ημας: PRON,acc,pl,1
- εκ: PREP
- του: ART,gen,sg,n
- αιωνος: NOUN,gen,sg,m
- του: ART,gen,sg,n
- ενεστωτος: PART,pres,act,gen,sg,m
- πονηρου: ADJ,gen,sg,m
- κατα: PREP
- το: ART,acc,sg,n
- θελημα: NOUN,acc,sg,n
- του: ART,gen,sg,n
- θεου: NOUN,gen,sg,m
- και: CONJ
- πατρος: NOUN,gen,sg,m
- ημων: PRON,gen,pl,1
Parallels
- Titus 2:14 (verbal): Speaks of Christ 'who gave himself for us' to redeem/purify a people—close verbal and soteriological parallel to 'gave himself for our sins'.
- Ephesians 5:2 (verbal): States 'Christ loved us and gave himself up for us'—same motif of self-giving as the basis of salvation.
- Colossians 1:13 (thematic): Speaks of God rescuing believers 'from the domain of darkness and transferring us to the kingdom'—parallel to deliverance from 'this present evil age.'
- Hebrews 10:9-10 (thematic): Affirms Christ's offering 'to do your will' and that by this will we are sanctified—parallels Gal. 1:4's 'according to the will of God and Father.'
- Romans 5:8-10 (thematic): Emphasizes Christ's death for sinners and reconciliation through his death—the same salvific purpose summarized in Gal. 1:4.
Alternative generated candidates
- who gave himself for our sins to rescue us from the present evil age, according to the will of our God and Father,
- He gave himself for our sins to deliver us from this present evil age, according to the will of our God and Father,
Gal.1.5 - Details
Translation
Original Text
Morphology
- ω: PRON,dat,sg,m
- η: ART,nom,sg,f
- δοξα: NOUN,nom,sg,f
- εις: PREP
- τους: ART,acc,pl,m
- αιωνας: NOUN,acc,pl,m
- των: ART,gen,pl,m
- αιωνων·αμην: NOUN,gen,pl,m;INTJ
Parallels
- Romans 16:27 (verbal): Almost identical doxological closing: attributes eternal glory to God with the phrase “τῷ δόξα εἰς τοὺς αἰῶνας τῶν αἰώνων· ἀμήν,” echoing Galatians' formula.
- Romans 11:36 (verbal): Pauline doxology attributing all glory to God for ever (αὐτῷ ἡ δόξα εἰς τοὺς αἰῶνας· ἀμήν), sharing the same eternal‑glory language.
- 1 Timothy 1:17 (verbal): Pastoral doxology that uses the exact expression “δόξα εἰς τοὺς αἰῶνας τῶν αἰώνων· ἀμήν,” paralleling Galatians’ emphasis on God’s eternal glory.
- Ephesians 3:21 (structural): Letter‑ending doxology: a liturgical closing that ascribes glory to God for all generations (functionally parallel to Galatians’ concluding glory‑formula).
- Jude 1:25 (verbal): Concise doxology attributing eternal glory to God (uses similar vocabulary and the eternal‑ages formula), reflecting the same doxological tradition.
Alternative generated candidates
- to whom be the glory forever and ever. Amen.
- to whom be the glory forever and ever. Amen.
Gal.1.6 - Details
Translation
Original Text
Morphology
- Θαυμαζω: VERB,pres,act,ind,1,sg
- οτι: CONJ
- ουτως: ADV
- ταχεως: ADV
- μετατιθεσθε: VERB,pres,mp,ind,2,pl
- απο: PREP
- του: ART,gen,sg,n
- καλεσαντος: VERB,aor,act,part,gen,sg,m
- υμας: PRON,acc,pl,2
- εν: PREP
- χαριτι: NOUN,dat,sg,f
- Χριστου: NOUN,gen,sg,m
- εις: PREP
- ετερον: ADJ,nom,sg,n
- ευαγγελιον: NOUN,acc,sg,n
Parallels
- Galatians 1:8-9 (verbal): Immediate parallel in the same letter: Paul reiterates the condemnation of 'another gospel' and pronounces a curse on those who preach it — a direct verbal and functional continuation of 1:6.
- 2 Corinthians 11:4 (thematic): Paul warns that accepting 'another Jesus' or a different gospel shows believers have been deceived/bewitched — echoes Gal.1:6 concern about turning to a different message.
- Jude 4 (thematic): Speaks of intruders who 'turn the grace of our God into licentiousness' and deny Christ — resonates with Gal.1:6's contrast between being 'called into the grace of Christ' and being led to another gospel that perverts grace.
- Acts 20:29-30 (thematic): Paul's warning that 'savage wolves' and false teachers will arise within the flock to draw disciples away parallels the shift away from the gospel described in Gal.1:6.
- 2 Peter 2:1 (thematic): Predicts false teachers introducing destructive heresies and denying the Master — thematically parallels the danger of turning from the true gospel in Gal.1:6.
Alternative generated candidates
- I am astonished that you are so quickly deserting the one who called you by the grace of Christ for a different gospel;
- I am astonished that you are so quickly deserting the one who called you in the grace of Christ for a different gospel;
Gal.1.7 - Details
Translation
Original Text
Morphology
- ο: ART,nom,sg,m
- ουκ: PART,neg
- εστιν: VERB,pres,act,ind,3,sg
- αλλο·ει: ADJ,nom,sg,n
- μη: PART
- τινες: PRON,nom,pl,m
- εισιν: VERB,pres,act,ind,3,pl
- οι: ART,nom,pl,m
- ταρασσοντες: VERB,pres,act,part,nom,pl,m
- υμας: PRON,acc,pl,2
- και: CONJ
- θελοντες: PART,pres,act,nom,pl,m
- μεταστρεψαι: VERB,aor,act,inf
- το: ART,acc,sg,n
- ευαγγελιον: NOUN,acc,sg,n
- του: ART,gen,sg,n
- Χριστου: NOUN,gen,sg,m
Parallels
- Galatians 1:6-9 (structural): Immediate context: Paul reiterates astonishment that the Galatians desert the true gospel for a 'different gospel' and pronounces judgment on those who distort it — direct continuation of the same charge.
- 2 Corinthians 11:4 (verbal): Paul warns that accepting 'another Jesus' or 'another gospel' will lead to being deceived — closely parallels the language and concern about a divergent gospel.
- Romans 16:17-18 (thematic): Paul urges believers to watch out for those who cause divisions and teach contrary to the apostolic teaching, using deception to pervert sound doctrine — similar warning about troublemakers altering the gospel.
- Jude 1:3-4 (thematic): Jude complains that certain intruders have 'crept in' and are perverting the faith (changing God's grace into licentiousness) — parallels the charge that some seek to pervert the gospel.
- Acts 20:29-30 (thematic): Paul warns the Ephesian elders that false teachers (even from within) will arise and distort the truth to draw away disciples — thematically parallels those who trouble and turn Christians from the gospel.
Alternative generated candidates
- not that there is another gospel, but there are some who trouble you and would pervert the gospel of Christ.
- not that there is another gospel, but there are some who trouble you and seek to pervert the gospel of Christ.
Gal.1.8 - Details
Translation
Original Text
Morphology
- αλλα: CONJ
- και: CONJ
- εαν: CONJ
- ημεις: PRON,nom,pl,1
- η: ART,nom,sg,f
- αγγελος: NOUN,nom,sg,m
- εξ: PREP
- ουρανου: NOUN,gen,sg,masc
- ευαγγελιζηται: VERB,pres,mid/pass,subj,3,sg
- υμιν: PRON,dat,pl,2
- παρ᾽ο: PREP
- ευηγγελισαμεθα: VERB,aor,mid/pass,ind,1,pl
- υμιν: PRON,dat,pl,2
- αναθεμα: NOUN,nom,sg,n
- εστω: VERB,pres,act,imp,3,sg
Parallels
- Deuteronomy 13:1-3 (thematic): Condemns prophets who urge Israelites to follow other gods or teachings; parallels Galatians’ rejection of a gospel that leads people away from the true covenant message.
- 2 Corinthians 11:4 (thematic): Paul warns that accepting ‘another Jesus’ or ‘another gospel’ amounts to deception—same concern as Gal.1:8 about a different gospel undermining apostolic truth.
- 1 Corinthians 16:22 (verbal): Uses the exact curse formula (ἀνάθεμα ἔστω) to pronounce judgment on those opposed to the Lord, echoing Gal.1:8’s strong sanction against false proclamation.
- 2 Peter 2:1 (thematic): Speaks of false teachers secretly bringing in destructive heresies and denying the Lord; parallels Paul’s denunciation of corrupting gospel messages.
- Revelation 22:18-19 (structural): Imposes a curse on anyone who alters the book’s message; structurally similar to Gal.1:8’s pronouncement of anathema on those who change the revealed message.
Alternative generated candidates
- But even if we or an angel from heaven should preach to you a gospel contrary to the one we proclaimed to you, let him be accursed.
- But even if we or an angel from heaven should preach to you a gospel contrary to what we preached to you, let him be accursed.
Gal.1.9 - Details
Translation
Original Text
Morphology
- ως: ADV
- προειρηκαμεν: VERB,perf,act,ind,1,pl
- και: CONJ
- αρτι: ADV
- παλιν: ADV
- λεγω: VERB,pres,act,ind,1,sg
- ει: VERB,pres,act,ind,2,sg
- τις: PRON,nom,sg,?
- υμας: PRON,acc,pl,2
- ευαγγελιζεται: VERB,pres,mid,ind,3,sg
- παρ᾽ο: PREP
- παρελαβετε: VERB,aor,act,ind,2,pl
- αναθεμα: NOUN,nom,sg,n
- εστω: VERB,pres,act,imp,3,sg
Parallels
- Galatians 1:8 (verbal): Immediate parallel in the same chapter with nearly identical wording — condemnation ('anathema') for anyone preaching a different gospel.
- 2 John 1:10-11 (thematic): Commands believers not to receive or welcome anyone who brings a teaching contrary to the apostolic message — similar injunction to reject false teachers.
- 1 Corinthians 16:22 (verbal): Uses the word 'anathema'/'let him be accursed' in a pastoral admonition, echoing the severe formula of exclusion found in Gal. 1:9.
- Titus 3:10 (thematic): Instructs dealing decisively with a divisive person (warn, then reject), paralleling Gal. 1:9's uncompromising stance toward false gospel promoters.
- Romans 16:17 (thematic): Paul warns believers to watch for those who cause divisions and contradict the teaching they have received — a related concern about preserving the true gospel.
Alternative generated candidates
- As we have said before, so now I say again: If anyone is preaching to you a gospel different from what you received, let him be accursed.
- As we have said before, so now I say again: If anyone is preaching to you a gospel contrary to what you received, let him be accursed.
Gal.1.10 - Details
Translation
Original Text
Morphology
- Αρτι: ADV
- γαρ: PART
- ανθρωπους: NOUN,acc,pl,m
- πειθω: VERB,pres,act,ind,1,sg
- η: ART,nom,sg,f
- τον: ART,acc,sg,m
- θεον: NOUN,acc,sg,m
- η: ART,nom,sg,f
- ζητω: VERB,pres,act,ind,1,sg
- ανθρωποις: NOUN,dat,pl,m
- αρεσκειν: VERB,pres,act,inf
- ει: VERB,pres,act,ind,2,sg
- ετι: ADV
- ανθρωποις: NOUN,dat,pl,m
- ηρεσκον: VERB,impf,act,ind,1,sg
- Χριστου: NOUN,gen,sg,m
- δουλος: NOUN,nom,sg,m
- ουκ: PART,neg
- αν: PART
- ημην: VERB,impf,act,ind,1,sg
Parallels
- 1 Thessalonians 2:4 (verbal): Paul explicitly contrasts pleasing men with pleasing God—'not to please men, but God'—using language very similar to Gal. 1:10 about motives for ministry.
- 2 Corinthians 5:9 (verbal): Paul states his aim 'to please him' (God), paralleling Gal. 1:10's refusal to seek human approval and the priority of pleasing God.
- Acts 5:29 (thematic): 'We must obey God rather than men' expresses the same principle of divine loyalty over human approval that undergirds Gal. 1:10.
- John 12:43 (thematic): Criticizes seeking human praise ('they loved human glory more than the glory that comes from God'), thematically parallel to Gal. 1:10's rejection of people-pleasing.
Alternative generated candidates
- For am I now seeking the approval of people or of God? Or am I trying to please people? If I were still pleasing people, I would not be a servant of Christ.
- For am I now seeking the approval of men, or of God? Or am I trying to please men? If I were still trying to please men, I would not be a servant of Christ.
Paul, an apostle—sent not from men nor through a man, but through Jesus Christ and God the Father, who raised him from the dead—
and all the brothers who are with me, to the churches of Galatia:
Grace to you and peace from God the Father and our Lord Jesus Christ.
He gave himself for our sins to deliver us from the present evil age, according to the will of our God and Father,
to whom be the glory forever and ever. Amen.
I am astonished that you are so quickly deserting the one who called you by the grace of Christ and are turning to a different gospel—
not that there is another gospel, but there are some who trouble you and want to pervert the gospel of Christ. But even if we or an angel from heaven should preach to you a gospel contrary to what we proclaimed to you, let him be accursed.
As we have said before, so I now say again: If anyone is preaching to you a gospel contrary to what you received, let him be accursed.
For am I now seeking the approval of men or of God? Or am I striving to please men? If I were still pleasing men, I would not be a servant of Christ.