Exile Foretold and Judgment on Leaders
Hosea 9:1-10:15
Hos.9.1 - Details
Translation
Original Text
Morphology
- אל: NEG
- תשמח: VERB,qal,impf,3,f,sg
- ישראל: NOUN,m,sg,abs
- אל: NEG
- גיל: VERB,qal,impf,2,m,pl
- כעמים: PREP+NOUN,m,pl,abs
- כי: CONJ
- זנית: VERB,qal,perf,2,f,sg
- מעל: PREP
- אלהיך: NOUN,m,sg,prsuf-2ms
- אהבת: VERB,qal,perf,2,m,sg
- אתנן: NOUN,m,sg,construct
- על: PREP
- כל: DET
- גרנות: NOUN,f,pl,abs
- דגן: NOUN,m,sg,abs
Parallels
- Hosea 2:5 (verbal): Same prophetic marriage/harlotry imagery in Hosea: Israel's adultery and 'love of hire' language and the consequent judgment are closely paralleled.
- Hosea 4:12-13 (thematic): Continues the theme of Israel's sexual/ritual unfaithfulness—seeking lovers and performing cultic acts on high places and threshing floors.
- Isaiah 1:21 (thematic): Isaiah likewise depicts Jerusalem/Israel as a 'faithless city' that has become a harlot, linking moral/spiritual corruption with forthcoming judgment.
- Jeremiah 3:6-8 (allusion): God's depiction of Israel's infidelity in terms of divorce and sending away an unfaithful wife echoes Hosea's charge of prostitution and legal/relational breach.
- Ezekiel 16:15 (verbal): Ezekiel uses explicit 'harlotry' language about Jerusalem—trusting in beauty and playing the harlot—paralleling Hosea's vivid accusation of sexual/ritual infidelity.
Alternative generated candidates
- Do not rejoice, O Israel; do not exult like the nations; you have prostituted yourself from your God—you have loved a payment upon every grain-threshing floor.
- Do not rejoice, O Israel; do not exult like the nations—for you have prostituted yourself, departing from your God; you loved the reward at every threshing floor.
Hos.9.2 - Details
Translation
Original Text
Morphology
- גרן: NOUN,m,sg,abs
- ויקב: CONJ+VERB,qal,impf,3,m,sg
- לא: PART_NEG
- ירעם: VERB,qal,impf,3,m,sg
- ותירוש: NOUN,m,sg,abs
- יכחש: VERB,qal,impf,3,m,sg
- בה: PREP+PRON,3,f,sg
Parallels
- Joel 1:10-12 (verbal): Joel uses the same agricultural vocabulary—grain, wine, oil—and depicts grain being ruined and wine drying up as a divine judgment, paralleling Hosea’s image of the granary and winepress failing.
- Isaiah 24:7-8 (verbal): Isaiah anthropomorphizes the vine and wine (‘the wine mourns; the vine languishes’), echoing Hosea’s language of wine ‘failing/denying itself’ to portray cosmic agricultural devastation as judgment.
- Deuteronomy 28:38-40 (thematic): Deuteronomy’s covenant curses promise failed sowing and unproductive vines/winepresses for disobedience—the same motif of agricultural collapse and loss of produce found in Hosea 9:2.
- Hosea 4:3 (structural): Within Hosea the land’s mourning and loss of resources (4:3) is closely linked to covenant unfaithfulness; it supplies the book‑internal context for the grain/wine imagery in 9:2.
Alternative generated candidates
- The threshing-floor and the winepress shall not resound; the new wine shall be withheld.
- The threshing-floor and the winepress shall not rejoice, and new wine will fail.
Hos.9.3 - Details
Translation
Original Text
Morphology
- לא: PART_NEG
- ישבו: VERB,qal,impf,3,m,pl
- בארץ: PREP+NOUN,f,sg,def
- יהוה: NOUN,prop,m,sg,abs
- ושב: VERB,qal,imp,2,m,sg
- אפרים: NOUN,m,sg,abs
- מצרים: NOUN,f,pl,abs
- ובאשור: CONJ+PREP+NOUN,m,sg,abs
- טמא: VERB,qal,perf,3,m,sg
- יאכלו: VERB,qal,impf,3,m,pl
Parallels
- Hos.11.5 (verbal): Near-verbatim repetition within Hosea: repeats the lines about not dwelling in the land, Ephraim returning to Egypt, and defilement in Assyria.
- Isa.31.1 (thematic): Condemns seeking help from Egypt; echoes the judgmental motif of Israel/Ephraim turning to Egypt and suffering for that dependence.
- 2 Kings 17:6 (thematic): Records the Assyrian capture and deportation of Israel to Assyria — the historical event behind Hosea's reference to being 'in Assyria.'
- 2 Kings 17:24-41 (thematic): Describes peoples and syncretic/foreign cultic practices in the land after deportation — parallels the imagery of defilement ('eating unclean') associated with exile in Assyria.
- Isa.10:5 (allusion): Portrays Assyria as the Lord’s instrument of punishment against Israel; thematically parallels Hosea's use of Assyria as the locus of exile and defilement.
Alternative generated candidates
- They shall not remain in the land of the LORD; Ephraim shall return to Egypt, and in Assyria they shall eat unclean food.
- They shall not dwell in the land of the LORD; Ephraim shall return to Egypt, and in Assyria they shall eat unclean food.
Hos.9.4 - Details
Translation
Original Text
Morphology
- לא: PART_NEG
- יסכו: VERB,qal,imperfect,3,pl
- ליהוה: PREP+NOUN,m,sg,def
- יין: NOUN,m,sg,abs
- ולא: CONJ
- יערבו: VERB,qal,imperfect,3,pl
- לו: PRON,3,m,sg
- זבחיהם: NOUN,m,pl,abs+PRON,3,m,pl
- כלחם: PREP+NOUN,m,sg,abs
- אונים: NOUN,m,pl,abs
- להם: PREP+PRON,3,m,pl
- כל: DET
- אכליו: NOUN,m,sg,abs,3,ms
- יטמאו: VERB,qal,imperfect,3,pl
- כי: CONJ
- לחמם: PREP+VERB,qal,inf+PRON,3,m,pl
- לנפשם: PREP+NOUN,f,sg,suff3mp
- לא: PART_NEG
- יבוא: VERB,qal,impf,3,m,sg
- בית: NOUN,m,sg,abs
- יהוה: NOUN,prop,m,sg,abs
Parallels
- Isaiah 1:11-15 (verbal): Isaiah objects that God is weary of their many sacrifices and will not listen to worship when it is accompanied by wickedness—paralleling Hosea’s declaration that their drink offerings and sacrifices will not be accepted.
- Amos 5:21-24 (thematic): Amos condemns festivals and offerings when justice is absent, insisting that cultic worship is rejected apart from righteousness—echoing Hosea’s theme of refused sacrifices.
- Micah 6:6-8 (thematic): Micah questions the value of ritual offerings and asserts God’s demand for justice, mercy, and humility rather than mere cultic gifts, contrasting with Hosea’s warning that their offerings will not come before the LORD.
- Psalm 50:8,16-23 (thematic): Psalm 50 emphasizes that God does not desire mere sacrifice and rebukes those who offer sacrifices while living wickedly—aligning with Hosea’s idea that sacrificial food becomes defiling and unacceptable.
- Malachi 1:10-14 (structural): Malachi portrays God refusing profane or worthless offerings and condemning priests who bring them—closely paralleling Hosea’s statement that their bread and sacrifices will not be received in the house of the LORD.
Alternative generated candidates
- They shall not pour out wine to the LORD, nor shall their sacrifices be pleasing to him; all their feasts shall be like the bread of mourners—they shall be defiled, for their bread is for their own appetite and shall not enter the house of the LORD.
- They shall not pour out wine to the LORD, nor will their sacrifices please him— like a mourner’s bread to them; all who eat of it shall be defiled; for their bread is for themselves and shall not come into the house of the LORD.
Hos.9.5 - Details
Translation
Original Text
Morphology
- מה: PRON,int
- תעשו: VERB,qal,impv,2,pl
- ליום: PREP+NOUN,m,sg,abs
- מועד: NOUN,m,sg,abs
- וליום: CONJ+PREP+NOUN,m,sg,abs
- חג: NOUN,m,sg,abs
- יהוה: NOUN,prop,m,sg,abs
Parallels
- Amos 5:21-27 (thematic): God rejects Israel's festivals and ritual observance as meaningless and announces judgment/exile—parallel to Hosea's question about what their festivals will avail in the day of the LORD.
- Isaiah 1:13-14 (thematic): God denounces sacrifices, new moons, sabbaths and convocations because of iniquity; echoes the theme that appointed feasts cannot avert divine displeasure.
- Leviticus 23:4 (structural): Provides the canonical designation 'appointed feasts (יְמֵי־מוֹעֲדִים)'—the legal/ritual category Hosea invokes when asking what will happen to Israel's festival observance.
- Hosea 8:13 (verbal): Within the same prophetic book God refuses Israel's sacrifices and observances (they 'eat the sacrifices' yet God does not accept them), reinforcing Hosea 9:5's implication that festivals will not save them.
Alternative generated candidates
- What will you do on the day of the festival, and on the day of the LORD's feast?
- What will you do on the day of the appointed meeting, and on the day of the LORD’s feast?
Hos.9.6 - Details
Translation
Original Text
Morphology
- כי: CONJ
- הנה: PART
- הלכו: VERB,qal,perf,3,m,pl
- משד: NOUN,m,sg,abs
- מצרים: NOUN,f,pl,abs
- תקבצם: VERB,qal,impf,3,f,sg+obj:3,m,pl
- מף: NOUN,prop,m,sg,abs
- תקברם: VERB,qal,impf,3,f,sg+obj:3,m,pl
- מחמד: NOUN,m,sg,abs
- לכספם: PREP+NOUN,m,sg,abs+prs:3,m,pl
- קמוש: NOUN,m,sg,abs
- יירשם: VERB,qal,impf,3,m,sg+obj:3,m,pl
- חוח: NOUN,prop,m,sg,abs
- באהליהם: PREP+NOUN,m,pl,abs+3mp
Parallels
- Hosea 8:8 (verbal): Within Hosea the same language and theme recur: Israel is 'swallowed up'/driven among the nations and faces exile—close verbal and thematic continuation of judgment for covenant unfaithfulness.
- Exodus 32:1-6 (allusion): The golden‑calf episode is the paradigmatic instance of Israelite calf‑worship; Hosea's mention of a calf/treasure echoes this foundational tradition of idolatry.
- 1 Kings 12:28-30 (thematic): Jeroboam's erection of calves at Bethel and Dan institutionalizes calf‑idolatry in the northern kingdom, paralleling Hosea's condemnation of the calf as object of Israel's corruption and cause of ruin.
- Amos 5:27 (thematic): Amos likewise pronounces exile as divine judgment ('I will send you away beyond Damascus'); both prophets use exile imagery to describe Israel's coming punishment for sin.
- Jeremiah 44:11-14 (thematic): Jeremiah rebukes Judeans who fled to Egypt and practiced idolatry there and foretells their destruction—parallel linkage of flight/association with Egypt, idolatry, and impending doom found in Hosea 9:6.
Alternative generated candidates
- For behold, they go because of Egypt; Memphis shall gather them and bury them; their treasures and delights for silver shall be taken away; Kemosh shall have his mark, and thorns shall be in their tents.
- For behold, they go off as spoil; Egypt will gather them up, Memphis will bury them. Their treasures for silver shall be taken; Kemosh will claim his share; thorns shall be in their tents.
Hos.9.7 - Details
Translation
Original Text
Morphology
- באו: VERB,qal,perf,3,m,pl
- ימי: NOUN,m,pl,cs
- הפקדה: NOUN,f,sg,abs
- באו: VERB,qal,perf,3,m,pl
- ימי: NOUN,m,pl,cs
- השלם: NOUN,m,sg,abs
- ידעו: VERB,qal,perf,3,pl
- ישראל: NOUN,m,sg,abs
- אויל: ADJ,m,sg
- הנביא: NOUN,m,sg,def
- משגע: VERB,piel,ptc,3,m,sg
- איש: NOUN,m,sg,abs
- הרוח: NOUN,f,sg,def
- על: PREP
- רב: ADJ,m,sg
- עונך: NOUN,m,sg,abs+2ms
- ורבה: VERB,qal,impv,2,ms
- משטמה: NOUN,f,sg,abs
Parallels
- Amos 5:18-20 (thematic): Both passages question the hoped‑for “day” of the Lord/visitation — warning that the coming days will be days of punishment or darkness rather than vindication (parallel theme of recompense/judgment).
- Ezekiel 13:3-7 (verbal): Ezekiel condemns the ‘foolish prophets’ and those who follow their own spirit and see nothing—language and accusation parallel Hosea’s taunt that the prophet is a fool and the man of the spirit is mad.
- Jeremiah 23:25-32 (thematic): Jeremiah exposes prophets who prophesy from their own spirit or lie in God’s name and announces judgment on them — resonates with Hosea’s critique of prophetic madness and the moral cause rooted in Israel’s iniquity.
- Micah 3:5-7 (allusion): Micah portrays prophets whose visions/predictions lead people astray and who will be ashamed/ punished because of the people’s sin—echoes Hosea’s link between prophetic failure/madness and the abundance of Israel’s guilt.
Alternative generated candidates
- The days of visitation have come—the days of recompense have come. Israel shall know it: the prophet is a fool, the man of the spirit is mad—because of the multitude of your iniquity and the great contempt.
- The days of reckoning have come, the days of repayment have arrived— Israel shall know it. A senseless prophet, a man of frenzy, will stagger because of your great guilt and abundant outrage.
Hos.9.8 - Details
Translation
Original Text
Morphology
- צפה: VERB,qal,perf,3,m,sg
- אפרים: NOUN,m,sg,abs
- עם: PREP
- אלהי: NOUN,m,sg,cons
- נביא: NOUN,m,sg,abs
- פח: NOUN,m,sg,abs
- יקוש: NOUN,m,sg,abs
- על: PREP
- כל: DET
- דרכיו: NOUN,f,pl,abs,3ms
- משטמה: NOUN,f,sg,abs
- בבית: PREP+NOUN,m,sg,def
- אלהיו: NOUN,m,sg,abs+PRON,3,m,sg
Parallels
- Hos.4.6 (verbal): Both verses speak of the people's ruin through lack of understanding/knowledge — Hosea 4:6 ('my people are destroyed for lack of knowledge') echoes 9:8's theme of a people who do not understand and are ruined.
- Jer.23:16-22 (thematic): Jeremiah condemns false prophets who speak lies and are not sent by God; this parallels Hosea's denunciation of prophets as a snare and a source of ruin for the people.
- Ezek.13:3-7 (thematic): Ezekiel denounces 'false prophets' whose visions and protection are empty, causing the people to err — similar imagery of prophets as a snare and a cause of judgment in Hosea 9:8.
- Deut.18:20-22 (structural): Deuteronomy provides the legal criterion for identifying false prophets and prescribing punishment for those who prophesy falsely, framing the background for prophetic falsehood condemned in Hosea 9:8.
- Micah 3:5-7 (thematic): Micah criticizes prophets who mislead the people with flattering or false messages and bring dishonor on God's house — a close thematic parallel to Hosea's charge that prophetic activity has become a trap and a disgrace in the house of God.
Alternative generated candidates
- Ephraim is a watchman with his idols; the prophet is a snare on all his ways—disgrace is in the house of his God.
- Ephraim spies out allies with the idols of the prophet; a snare lies at Mizpah across all his paths— injustice in the house of his God.
Hos.9.9 - Details
Translation
Original Text
Morphology
- העמיקו: VERB,hiph,perf,3,m,pl
- שחתו: VERB,qal,perf,3,m,pl
- כימי: NOUN,m,pl,cs+sim
- הגבעה: NOUN,f,sg,def
- יזכור: VERB,qal,impf,3,m,sg
- עונם: NOUN,m,sg,abs+PRON,3,m,pl
- יפקוד: VERB,qal,impf,3,m,sg
- חטאותם: NOUN,f,pl,abs,3,m,pl
Parallels
- Judges 19:22-30 (allusion): The explicit reference to “the days of Gibeah” points back to the gang‑rape and murder at Gibeah (Judges 19), which Hosea evokes as the paradigmatic crime whose memory and judgment attend Israel.
- Judges 20:48 (thematic): The nationwide vengeance against Gibeah (the massacre and destruction in Judges 20) shows the communal collapse and punitive consequence that Hosea summons by recalling Gibeah’s days.
- Judges 21:25 (structural): “In those days there was no king… everyone did what was right in his own eyes” provides the moral context for the Gibeah atrocity and parallels Hosea’s charge of deepened ruin and societal depravity.
- Nahum 1:3 (verbal): Nahum’s language about God’s wrath and that He will by no means clear the guilty echoes Hosea’s formula that God will remember their iniquity and punish their sins—both stress divine retribution.
- Deuteronomy 32:35 (thematic): Deuteronomy’s assertion of divine repayment and vengeance (‘Vengeance is mine; I will repay’) parallels Hosea’s theme that God will recall iniquity and execute punishment.
Alternative generated candidates
- They have deepened their corruption, as in the days of Gibeah. He will remember their iniquity; he will visit their sins.
- Their ruin has deepened like the days of Gibeah; he will remember their guilt and visit their sins.
Hos.9.10 - Details
Translation
Original Text
Morphology
- כענבים: PREP+NOUN,m,pl,abs
- במדבר: PREP+NOUN,m,sg,abs
- מצאתי: VERB,qal,perf,1,sg
- ישראל: NOUN,m,sg,abs
- כבכורה: PREP+NOUN,f,sg,abs
- בתאנה: PREP+NOUN,f,sg,abs
- בראשיתה: PREP+NOUN,f,sg,abs+PRON,3,f,sg
- ראיתי: VERB,qal,perf,1,_,sg
- אבותיכם: NOUN,m,pl,abs+PRON,2,m,pl
- המה: PRON,3,m,pl
- באו: VERB,qal,perf,3,m,pl
- בעל: NOUN,m,sg,abs
- פעור: NOUN,prop,m,sg,abs
- וינזרו: VERB,qal,impf,3,m,pl
- לבשת: VERB,qal,perf,2,ms
- ויהיו: VERB,qal,impf,3,m,pl
- שקוצים: ADJ,m,pl,abs
- כאהבם: PREP+NOUN,m,sg,abs+PRON,3,_,pl
Parallels
- Numbers 25:1-9 (allusion): The episode at Baal‑Peor is narrated here; Hosea 9:10 echoes Israel's going after Baal‑Peor and the resulting defilement and judgment.
- Psalm 106:28-30 (verbal): The psalm recounts Israel 'joining themselves to Baal‑Peor' and the ensuing outrage and plague, closely paralleling Hosea's reference to that event and its shame.
- Deuteronomy 32:32 (verbal): Uses vineyard/grape imagery to depict corrupt and poisonous fruit from Israel's idolatry—paralleling Hosea's 'grapes in the wilderness' metaphor for Israel's early promise turned corrupt.
- Hosea 4:15 (thematic): Within the same prophetic corpus, this verse condemns Israel's infidelity/idolatry (portrayed as harlotry), echoing Hosea 9:10's charge of spiritual unfaithfulness and abhorrence.
Alternative generated candidates
- I found Israel like grapes in the wilderness, like the first-ripe figs; I saw your fathers. They went to Baal-peor and consecrated themselves to shame; they became an abomination like that which they loved.
- I found Israel like grapes in the wilderness— like the earliest figs on a fig tree. I saw your fathers; they went to Baal‑Peor and devoted themselves to shame; they became an abomination in the things they loved.
Hos.9.11 - Details
Translation
Original Text
Morphology
- אפרים: NOUN,m,sg,abs
- כעוף: PREP+NOUN,m,sg,abs
- יתעופף: VERB,hitpael,imf,3,m,sg
- כבודם: NOUN,m,sg,abs,3,m,pl
- מלדה: NOUN,f,sg,abs
- ומבטן: CONJ+PREP+NOUN,m,sg,abs
- ומהריון: CONJ+PREP+NOUN,m,sg,abs
Parallels
- Hosea 9:12 (structural): Immediate context in the same oracle: continues the theme of Ephraim's loss and exile, linking the image of vanishing offspring to impending judgment and inability to establish descendants.
- Hosea 7:11 (verbal): Uses similar bird imagery for Ephraim (a fluttering or foolish bird/dove), portraying instability and lack of rootedness—paralleling the image of glory 'flying away.'
- Isaiah 26:17-18 (thematic): Employs childbirth imagery of pregnant people bringing forth nothing or 'wind' to lament a failure of offspring; parallels Hosea's motif of loss at birth, in the womb, and at conception.
- Psalm 127:3-5 (thematic): Presents children as the hoped-for continuity and blessing of a household; serves as a thematic contrast to Hosea's pronouncement that Ephraim's 'glory' will vanish from birth and the womb.
Alternative generated candidates
- Ephraim shall fly away like a bird—the glory of their splendor shall fly away from the womb, from the birth, and from the conceiving.
- Ephraim shall fly away like a bird; his glory will fly off—from the birth, from the womb, from conception.
Hos.9.12 - Details
Translation
Original Text
Morphology
- כי: CONJ
- אם: CONJ
- יגדלו: VERB,qal,impf,3,m,pl
- את: PRT,acc
- בניהם: NOUN,m,pl,abs+3,pl
- ושכלתים: VERB,qal,perf,2,m,pl
- מאדם: PREP+NOUN,m,sg,abs
- כי: CONJ
- גם: ADV
- אוי: NOUN,m,sg,abs
- להם: PREP+PRON,3,m,pl
- בשורי: PREP+NOUN,f,sg,suff
- מהם: PREP+PRON,3,m,pl
Parallels
- Hos.9.11 (structural): Immediate context in the same oracle: verse 11 speaks of Ephraim's offspring and helplessness (likened to a dove) and sets up the judgment upon their children and leadership that 9:12 continues.
- Hos.13.16 (verbal): Same prophetic corpus depicting violent divine judgment on Israel where children suffer—language of children being killed or dashed (graphic consequence of national guilt) echoes 9:12’s concern for offspring.
- Isa.13.16 (verbal): Isaiah's oracle against Babylon uses the same imagery of little ones being dashed and pregnant women violated; parallels Hosea’s motif of communal judgment that brings death/desolation to children.
- Deut.28.53-57 (thematic): The covenant curse for disobedience includes siege horrors and the eating or death of one’s children—a legal/theological background for the prophetic picture in Hosea of children suffering as part of judgment.
- Mic.7.1-2 (thematic): Micah laments a social breakdown in which there are no faithful survivors and no one to raise up offspring—parallels Hosea’s lament over lost or bereaved children and the consequences of national sin.
Alternative generated candidates
- Even if they rear up their children, I will bereave them of men; woe to them when they bear— for the fruit of their womb shall fail them.
- Though they rear their children, I will bereave them of men; yes, woe to them when I make them few.
Hos.9.13 - Details
Translation
Original Text
Morphology
- אפרים: NOUN,m,sg,abs
- כאשר: CONJ
- ראיתי: VERB,qal,perf,1,_,sg
- לצור: VERB,qal,inf
- שתולה: ADJ,f,sg
- בנוה: PREP+NOUN,f,sg,abs
- ואפרים: CONJ+NOUN,m,sg,abs
- להוציא: VERB,hiphil,inf
- אל: NEG
- הרג: VERB,qal,perf,3,m,sg
- בניו: NOUN,m,pl,cs
Parallels
- Hos.9:11 (thematic): Immediate context in Hosea: continues the theme of Ephraim’s loss of fertility and exile (glory/fruitfulness taken away), reinforcing the motif of failed nationhood and displacement.
- Hos.13:16 (thematic): Prophetic judgment against Israel/Samaria that pictures children and pregnant women suffering violent death — parallels the doom of offspring in 9:13 ('bring out his children to the slaughter').
- Ezek.16:20-21 (verbal): Accuses Jerusalem of giving her children to be devoured by idols; closely parallels the shocking image of sacrificial/violent loss of children in Hosea 9:13 (children delivered to death).
- Jer.2:21 (thematic): Yahweh’s complaint that he ‘planted’ Israel as a noble vine which has degenerated — echoes Hosea’s image of a planted vine/planting (שתלה בנוה) turned to judgment.
- Ps.80:8-16 (allusion): Uses the vine-from-Egypt motif (a planted vine nurtured and then threatened/destroyed) similar to Hosea’s planting imagery and the subsequent withering/judgment of Israel.
Alternative generated candidates
- Ephraim, as I saw, was planted among choice plants, yet Ephraim has yielded up his children to the slayer.
- As for Ephraim, what I saw was a choice plant in a pleasant place— but Ephraim will bring out his children to the slayer.
Hos.9.14 - Details
Translation
Original Text
Morphology
- תן: VERB,qal,imp,2,m,sg
- להם: PREP+PRON,3,m,pl
- יהוה: NOUN,prop,m,sg,abs
- מה: PRON,int
- תתן: VERB,qal,imprf,2,_,sg
- תן: VERB,qal,imp,2,m,sg
- להם: PREP+PRON,3,m,pl
- רחם: NOUN,m,sg,abs
- משכיל: VERB,qal,ptc,3,m,sg
- ושדים: CONJ+NOUN,m,pl,abs
- צמקים: NOUN,m,pl,abs
Parallels
- Deuteronomy 28:18 (thematic): In the curse section of the covenant, God threatens the fruit of the body (offspring) with curse—infertility/sterility of one’s offspring is presented as a divine punishment, paralleling Hosea’s request for miscarriage and dry breasts.
- Hosea 13:16 (verbal): Within the same book, God’s judgment against Israel includes graphic language against pregnant women ('their pregnant women ripped open'), echoing Hosea 9:14’s focus on barring childbirth as punishment.
- Romans 1:24–26 (thematic): Paul depicts God ‘giving them up’ to degrading passions as a form of divine judgement. Though different in detail, it shares the theological motif of God actively handing people over to destructive consequences (here, loss of proper relations/fruitfulness) as punishment.
- 1 Samuel 2:5 (thematic): Hannah’s barrenness (and the contrast between the barren and the fruitful) reflects the cultural and theological significance of childlessness. Hosea’s curse of miscarriage/dry breasts stands in direct tension with narratives that portray children as God’s blessing.
Alternative generated candidates
- Give them, O LORD—what will you give? Give them a miscarrying womb and breasts that are dried up.
- Give them, O LORD—what shall you give? Give them barren wombs and shriveled breasts.
Hos.9.15 - Details
Translation
Original Text
Morphology
- כל: DET
- רעתם: NOUN,f,sg,suff-3mp
- בגלגל: PREP+NOUN,m,sg,abs
- כי: CONJ
- שם: ADV
- שנאתים: NOUN,f,sg,abs+3,m,pl
- על: PREP
- רע: ADJ,m,sg,abs
- מעלליהם: NOUN,m,pl,abs+3mp
- מביתי: PREP+NOUN,m,sg,abs+1,sg
- אגרשם: VERB,qal,impf,1,sg+3,pl
- לא: PART_NEG
- אוסף: VERB,qal,impf,1,sg
- אהבתם: NOUN,f,sg,abs+3,pl
- כל: DET
- שריהם: NOUN,m,pl,abs,3,m,pl_suf
- סררים: ADJ,m,pl
Parallels
- Hos.4.15 (verbal): Same setting—Gilgal—condemned as a place of apostasy; both verses warn against/denounce cultic activity at Gilgal and link it with Israel’s guilt.
- Isa.1.21-23 (thematic): Isaiah portrays the holy city become corrupt and its princes as rebellious and unjust, echoing Hosea’s accusation of corrupt leadership and God’s rejection of the people.
- Ps.78.59-62 (thematic): Psalm narrates God’s anger at Israel’s idolatry leading him to reject the sanctuary/tabernacle and withdraw protection—paralleling Hosea’s threat to drive them out of God’s house and withhold his love.
- Ezek.8:6-18 (structural): Ezekiel’s temple visions expose cultic pollutions within the sanctuary and provoke God’s judgment; structurally parallels Hosea’s linkage of cultic corruption (Gilgal) with divine expulsion from the sacred house.
Alternative generated candidates
- All their wickedness is at Gilgal; there I will visit their abominations. I will cast them out of my house; I will not love them— all their princes are rebellious.
- All their wickedness is at Gilgal; there I began to hate them— because of the evil of their deeds. I will not take them into my house; I will have no love for them. All their princes are rebellious.
Hos.9.16 - Details
Translation
Original Text
Morphology
- הכה: VERB,qal,perf,3,m,sg
- אפרים: NOUN,m,sg,abs
- שרשם: NOUN,m,pl,abs,3mp
- יבש: ADJ,m,sg,abs
- פרי: NOUN,m,sg,cs
- בל: PART
- יעשון: VERB,qal,impf,3,pl
- גם: ADV
- כי: CONJ
- ילדון: VERB,qal,impf,3,m,pl
- והמתי: CONJ+VERB,qal,perf,1,m,sg
- מחמדי: NOUN,m,pl,const
- בטנם: PREP+NOUN,m,sg,abs+PRON,3,m,pl
Parallels
- Hosea 13:16 (verbal): Direct prophetic parallel: pronounces violent judgment on Ephraim/Samaria with children dashed and pregnant women torn—closely echoes Hos. 9:16's image of offspring slain.
- Hosea 10:1-2 (thematic): Both passages depict Israel/Ephraim as flourishing outwardly yet ultimately fruitless; the expected fruit is withheld and judgment follows for their unfaithfulness.
- Isaiah 5:1-7 (thematic): The 'vineyard' song: God expected justice and righteousness (fruit) but received failure, leading to condemnation—parallel theme of fruitlessness bringing divine wrath.
- Ezekiel 9:6 (allusion): Graphic scene of divine execution 'slay utterly' including innocent-seeming victims; echoes Hosea's portrayal of comprehensive, violent judgment that even strikes offspring.
Alternative generated candidates
- Ephraim is struck— their root is dried up; they shall bear no fruit. Even if they bear children, I will slay the desired of their womb.
- Ephraim is struck— his root is dried up; he will bear no fruit. Even though they bring forth, I will slay the delights of their womb.
Hos.9.17 - Details
Translation
Original Text
Morphology
- ימאסם: VERB,qal,impf,3,m,sg+obj:3,m,pl
- אלהי: NOUN,m,sg,cons
- כי: CONJ
- לא: PART_NEG
- שמעו: VERB,qal,impv,2,m,pl
- לו: PRON,3,m,sg
- ויהיו: VERB,qal,impf,3,m,pl
- נדדים: NOUN,m,pl,abs
- בגוים: PREP+NOUN,m,pl,abs
Parallels
- Leviticus 26:33 (verbal): God threatens to 'scatter' Israel among the nations as punishment for disobedience—language and judicial idea parallel to Hosea's 'they shall be wanderers among the nations.'
- Deuteronomy 28:64 (verbal): Deuteronomy likewise states that the LORD will 'scatter' the people among all nations because they did not obey him, closely echoing Hosea's causal link between disobedience and exile.
- Ezekiel 36:20–21 (allusion): Ezekiel depicts Israel being driven into the lands of the nations and profaning God's name—the motif of divine rejection and dispersion mirrors Hosea's portrayal of God 'rejecting' them and their wandering.
- Jeremiah 9:16 (thematic): Jeremiah announces that God will scatter inhabitants among foreign peoples because of wickedness—a thematically parallel oracle linking sin, divine displeasure, and exile.
- Hosea 3:4 (thematic): Within Hosea's own book the future of Israel is described as a period without king or sacrifice and subject to destitution/exile—reinforcing the same outcome of rejection and wandering among nations.
Alternative generated candidates
- God has rejected them because they would not obey him; they shall be wanderers among the nations.
- My God will reject them because they did not listen to him; and they shall wander among the nations.
Hos.10.1 - Details
Translation
Original Text
Morphology
- גפן: NOUN,f,sg,abs
- בוקק: VERB,qal,ptc,3,m,sg
- ישראל: NOUN,m,sg,abs
- פרי: NOUN,m,sg,cs
- ישוה: VERB,qal,perf,3,m,sg
- לו: PRON,3,m,sg
- כרב: PREP+NOUN,m,sg,abs
- לפריו: PREP+NOUN,m,sg,abs+PRON,3,m,sg
- הרבה: VERB,qal,perf,3,m,sg
- למזבחות: PREP+NOUN,f,pl,abs
- כטוב: PREP+ADJ,m,sg
- לארצו: PREP+NOUN,f,sg,abs+3,m,sg
- היטיבו: VERB,qal,perf,3,m,pl
- מצבות: NOUN,f,pl,abs
Parallels
- Isaiah 5:1-7 (thematic): The 'vineyard'/vineyard-owner metaphor: Israel (or Judah) depicted as a vine expected to produce righteousness/justice but yielding bad fruit, prompting judgment—same agricultural image and theme of fruit and altar/expectation.
- Jeremiah 2:21 (verbal): Uses the vine image for Israel — 'I had planted you like a choice vine' — stressing divine planting/privilege contrasted with Israel's unfaithfulness, echoing Hosea's vine imagery.
- Psalm 80:8-16 (thematic): Psalmist portrays Israel as a vine brought out of Egypt and planted by God; the passage laments injury to the vine and pleads for restoration, echoing the national/vine metaphor and concern for its fruitfulness.
- Ezekiel 15:1-8 (allusion): Treats the vine as an object of judgment (good only for burning when it fails), using vine-wood imagery to symbolize Israel's failure and impending destruction—parallels Hosea's implied judgment on an unfaithful, fruitless vine.
Alternative generated candidates
- Israel is a luxuriant vine that yields fruit to herself; according to their fruit they have made many altars, and as they prospered they adorned their sacred pillars.
- Israel is a spreading vine that yields fruit for himself— as his fruit increased he built more altars; as his land prospered he set up more pillars.
Hos.10.2 - Details
Translation
Original Text
Morphology
- חלק: ADJ,m,sg,abs
- לבם: NOUN,m,sg,poss
- עתה: ADV
- יאשמו: VERB,qal,impf,3,m,pl
- הוא: PRON,3,m,sg
- יערף: VERB,qal,imprf,3,m,sg
- מזבחותם: NOUN,m,pl,abs+SUFF,3,m,pl
- ישדד: VERB,qal,impf,3,m,sg
- מצבותם: NOUN,f,pl,suff
Parallels
- Deuteronomy 12:2-3 (verbal): God commands Israel to tear down the altars, smash sacred stones and burn Asherah poles—language and action closely parallel Hosea's 'break down their altars' and 'destroy their sacred pillars.'
- 2 Kings 18:4 (structural): Hezekiah 'removed the high places, broke the sacred pillars and cut down the Asherim,' reflecting the prophetic judgment and cultic destruction depicted in Hosea 10:2.
- Judges 6:25-26 (structural): Gideon is commanded to tear down his father's altar to Baal and cut down the Asherah—an episodic instance of altar-pillar removal that mirrors Hosea’s imagery of destroying idolatrous cult sites.
- 1 Kings 18:21 (thematic): Elijah's rebuke, 'How long will you waver between two opinions?' echoes Hosea's charge of a 'divided heart,' both addressing Israel's divided allegiance to Yahweh and idols.
Alternative generated candidates
- Their heart is false; now they are guilty. He will break down their altars and lay waste their pillars.
- Their heart is deceitful; now they shall be held guilty. He will cut down their altars and plunder their pillars.
Hos.10.3 - Details
Translation
Original Text
Morphology
- כי: CONJ
- עתה: ADV
- יאמרו: VERB,qal,imprf,3,m,pl
- אין: PART,neg
- מלך: NOUN,m,sg,cons
- לנו: PREP+PRON,1,pl
- כי: CONJ
- לא: PART_NEG
- יראנו: VERB,hif,impf,3,ms
- את: PRT,acc
- יהוה: NOUN,prop,m,sg,abs
- והמלך: NOUN,m,sg,def
- מה: PRON,int
- יעשה: VERB,qal,imperfect,3,m,sg
- לנו: PREP+PRON,1,pl
Parallels
- Hosea 13:10 (quotation): Within the same book—reprises Israel's demand for a king and mocks its failure: 'Where now is your king... of whom you said, Give me a king.'
- 1 Samuel 8:7-9 (thematic): Samuel/God respond to Israel's request for a human king by noting they have rejected Yahweh as their king—parallels the idea that lack of fear of the LORD makes a human king ineffectual.
- 1 Samuel 12:12-19 (thematic): Samuel reviews Israel's insistence on a king and the consequences; highlights the contrast between fearing God and relying on human rulers, echoing Hosea's question about what a king can do.
- Psalm 146:3 (verbal): Warnings against putting trust in princes/human leaders ('Put not your trust in princes') resonate with Hosea's skepticism about the efficacy of a king when people do not fear the LORD.
- Isaiah 31:1 (thematic): Condemns reliance on Egypt/horses and human military power rather than on Yahweh—another prophetic rebuke of trusting human rulers instead of fearing God, similar to Hosea's critique.
Alternative generated candidates
- For now they say, 'We have no king'— because we will not fear the LORD. And a king— what can he do for us?
- For now they say, “We have no king, for we do not fear the LORD.” And what then is a king to us?
Hos.10.4 - Details
Translation
Original Text
Morphology
- דברו: INF,qal,inf+3ms
- דברים: NOUN,m,pl,abs
- אלות: NOUN,f,pl,abs
- שוא: NOUN,m,sg,abs
- כרת: VERB,qal,perf,3,m,sg
- ברית: NOUN,f,sg,abs
- ופרח: VERB,qal,impf,3,m,sg
- כראש: PREP+NOUN,m,sg,abs
- משפט: NOUN,m,sg,abs
- על: PREP
- תלמי: NOUN,m,sg,abs
- שדי: NOUN,m,sg,abs
Parallels
- Isaiah 28:15 (verbal): Condemns making a 'covenant' grounded in falsehoods — similar language about relying on lies and a worthless pact (parallels Hosea's 'speak words... make a covenant' motif).
- Jeremiah 34:18-20 (thematic): God judges those who cut or break covenants; Jeremiah depicts covenant-making followed by covenant-breaking and consequent judgment, echoing Hosea's warning about futile agreements.
- Hosea 6:7 (allusion): Within the same book, Israel is accused of transgressing the covenant like Adam — an internal parallel that frames Hosea 10:4's charge of covenant-violation and empty words.
- Psalm 78:10-11 (thematic): Recalls Israel's failure to keep God's covenant despite vows and promises; the psalm's account of spoken commitments turned into disobedience parallels Hosea's critique of vain words and broken covenants.
Alternative generated candidates
- They utter empty words—futility and lies; they make covenants only to break them. Their agreements are but vapor before the Almighty.
- They utter vain words; they make a covenant and then break it— like the morning cloud and like the early dew that vanishes on the heights.
Hos.10.5 - Details
Translation
Original Text
Morphology
- לעגלות: PREP+NOUN,f,pl,abs
- בית: NOUN,m,sg,abs
- און: NOUN,m,sg,abs
- יגורו: VERB,qal,impf,3,m,pl
- שכן: VERB,qal,impv,2,m,sg
- שמרון: NOUN,f,sg,abs
- כי: CONJ
- אבל: CONJ
- עליו: PREP,3,m,sg
- עמו: PREP+PRON,3,m,sg
- וכמריו: CONJ+NOUN,m,pl,abs+PRON,3,m,sg
- עליו: PREP,3,m,sg
- יגילו: VERB,qal,impf,3,mp
- על: PREP
- כבודו: NOUN,m,sg,abs+3,m,sg
- כי: CONJ
- גלה: VERB,qal,perf,3,m,sg
- ממנו: PREP+PRON,3,m,sg
Parallels
- 1 Samuel 4:21-22 (verbal): Uses the same language and motif—'the glory has departed from Israel' (Ichabod)—connecting loss of divine presence with national calamity.
- Ezekiel 10:18-19 (structural): Describes the departure of the LORD’s glory from the temple; parallels Hosea’s theme of God's glory departing as the ground for judgment and loss of honor.
- 1 Kings 12:28-30 (allusion): Narrates Jeroboam’s setting up of golden calves at Bethel and Dan (Bethel = Beth-aven in prophetic critique), echoing Hosea’s reference to calf‑worship and corrupt cultic centers.
- 2 Kings 17:6,18 (thematic): Reports the fall and exile of Samaria because of idolatry and the LORD’s anger—parallels Hosea’s judgment theme and the people’s loss of God’s presence and honor.
- Hosea 8:5-6 (verbal): Within Hosea’s own critique of Israel: Ephraim builds altars and follows pagan practices. Reinforces the prophet’s consistent link between false worship, priestly complicity, and impending disgrace.
Alternative generated candidates
- They shall turn to the calf of Beth-aven; neighbors shall settle in Samaria. Its people and its princes shall deal with its honor, for its glory has departed.
- To the calf‑dwellers shall they go; their neighbors shall be Samaria. For Samaria shall be a heap of ruins; it will mourn for its people, and its priests will be ashamed for its glory, because it is taken from them.
Hos.10.6 - Details
Translation
Original Text
Morphology
- גם: ADV
- אותו: PRON,3,m,sg
- לאשור: PREP+NOUN,m,sg,abs
- יובל: NOUN,m,sg,abs
- מנחה: NOUN,f,sg,abs
- למלך: PREP+NOUN,m,sg,abs
- ירב: VERB,qal,juss,3,m,sg
- בשנה: PREP+NOUN,f,sg,abs
- אפרים: NOUN,m,sg,abs
- יקח: VERB,qal,imperfect,3,m,sg
- ויבוש: CONJ+VERB,qal,imprf,3,m,sg
- ישראל: NOUN,m,sg,abs
- מעצתו: PREP+NOUN+PRON,f,sg,abs,3,m,sg
Parallels
- Hos.5:13 (verbal): Ephraim seeks help from Assyria—same theme and similar wording about going to Assyria for support, showing the prophet’s repeated rebuke of foreign alliances.
- Hos.7:11 (verbal): Explicit statement that Ephraim ‘calls to Egypt, goes to Assyria’—a near-verbal parallel criticizing reliance on foreign powers rather than YHWH.
- Isa.30:1-5 (thematic): Condemns Judah’s treaty-seeking with Egypt and reliance on foreign military aid instead of God; parallels Hosea’s warning about the folly and shame of trusting foreign allies.
- 2 Kings 17:3-6 (structural): Historic account of Israel’s subjugation by Assyria after turning from the LORD—provides the historical outcome to which Hosea’s warnings about Assyrian intervention point.
- Jer.2:18 (thematic): Jeremiah rebukes Israel for going to Egypt and Assyria for help rather than to God—echoes Hosea’s critique of seeking foreign counsel and the resulting shame.
Alternative generated candidates
- It shall be carried to Assyria as tribute—a present to the great king. Ephraim shall receive the portion, and Israel shall be put to shame by its own counsel.
- It shall even become a tribute to Assyria; Ephraim will give gifts to the mighty king, and by their counsel Israel shall be put to shame.
Hos.10.7 - Details
Translation
Original Text
Morphology
- נדמה: VERB,nip,perf,3,m,sg
- שמרון: NOUN,f,sg,abs
- מלכה: NOUN,f,sg,abs
- כקצף: PREP+NOUN,m,sg,abs
- על: PREP
- פני: NOUN,m,sg,cons
- מים: NOUN,m,pl,abs
Parallels
- Psalm 1:4 (thematic): Uses image of insubstantial refuse (chaff) driven away by wind to depict the wicked; parallels Hosea’s likening of Samaria’s kingship to fleeting, worthless foam on the water.
- James 1:6–8 (verbal): Describes the double‑minded person as 'like a wave of the sea driven and tossed by the wind'; shares the water‑surface imagery and theme of instability/lack of firm standing with Hosea’s 'foam on the surface of the waters.'
- Isaiah 40:6–8 (thematic): Declares human life and power are transient ('all flesh is grass'), a theme echoed by Hosea’s metaphor that Samaria’s kingship is mere fleeting foam.
- Job 7:7 (thematic): Speaks of the brevity and frailty of human life ('my life is a breath'), resonating with Hosea’s image that the kingdom’s stature is ephemeral and insubstantial like foam.
Alternative generated candidates
- The majesty of Samaria shall perish like foam upon the surface of the waters.
- Samaria is now like foam on the surface of the waters— a vain throne that shall be swept away.
Hos.10.8 - Details
Translation
Original Text
Morphology
- ונשמדו: VERB,niphal,perf,3,m,pl
- במות: PREP+NOUN,m,sg,abs
- און: NOUN,m,sg,abs
- חטאת: NOUN,f,sg,abs
- ישראל: NOUN,m,sg,abs
- קוץ: NOUN,m,sg,abs
- ודרדר: NOUN,m,sg,abs
- יעלה: VERB,qal,impf,3,m,sg
- על: PREP
- מזבחותם: NOUN,m,pl,abs+SUFF,3,m,pl
- ואמרו: VERB,qal,impf,3,m,pl
- להרים: VERB,hiphil,inf
- כסונו: NOUN,m,sg,abs+3,m,pl
- ולגבעות: PREP+NOUN,f,pl,abs
- נפלו: VERB,qal,perf,3,m,pl
- עלינו: PREP+PRON,1,pl
Parallels
- Revelation 6:16 (quotation): The same cry to the mountains and rocks to 'fall on us' appears (Revelation 6:16), echoing Hosea's image of people begging the earth to hide them at divine judgment.
- Isaiah 2:19 (thematic): Both texts depict people seeking concealment in the earth/rocks and appealing to mountains/hills in terror at the coming judgment—shared motifs of cosmic shame and hiding.
- Isaiah 34:13 (verbal): Isaiah's portrayal of thorns, nettles and brambles overtaking sacred places parallels Hosea's image of 'thorns and briers' rising on altars, symbolizing desolation of cultic sites.
- Micah 1:7 (structural): Micah predicts destruction of altars and carved images (idols), a close parallel to Hosea's judgment on Israel's altars and objects of worship being laid waste.
Alternative generated candidates
- The sin of Israel, the calf of Samaria, shall be utterly destroyed; thorns and briars shall grow on their altars, and they will cry to the mountains, 'Cover us,' and to the hills, 'Fall on us.'
- They shall perish by the sword— the sin of Israel. Thorns and thistles shall grow up on their altars; they will cry to the mountains, “Cover us,” and to the hills, “Fall on us.”
Hos.10.9 - Details
Translation
Original Text
Morphology
- מימי: PREP+NOUN,m,pl,cons
- הגבעה: NOUN,f,sg,def
- חטאת: NOUN,f,sg,abs
- ישראל: NOUN,m,sg,abs
- שם: ADV
- עמדו: VERB,qal,perf,3,m,pl
- לא: PART_NEG
- תשיגם: VERB,qal,impf,2,m,sg
- בגבעה: PREP+NOUN,f,sg,abs
- מלחמה: NOUN,f,sg,abs
- על: PREP
- בני: NOUN,m,pl,construct
- עלוה: NOUN,prop,f,sg
Parallels
- Judges 19–21 (allusion): The reference to Gibeah evokes the atrocity at Gibeah (Judges 19–21) as the origin of Israel’s sin and internal violence.
- Hosea 4:15 (verbal): Uses the same place-name Beth‑aven/‘Aven (house of iniquity) and warns against going to Beth‑aven, linking place-name imagery of corruption.
- 1 Kings 12:26–33 (thematic): Jeroboam’s establishment of cultic sites at Bethel (and Dan) makes Bethel a center of apostasy—paralleling Hosea’s charge against ‘Aven’/Bethel as a locus of sin.
- Amos 5:5 (thematic): Amos likewise condemns Bethel (and Gilgal) and predicts its downfall, echoing prophetic denunciation of Bethel/Aven as synonymous with Israel’s guilt.
Alternative generated candidates
- The sin of Israel is from the days of Gibeah; there they stood. They shall not be vindicated on the heights— war shall come against the house of their high places.
- From the days of Gibeah the sin of Israel has been; there they took their stand. There shall be no more triumph— a battle against the sons of iniquity will not avail them.
Hos.10.10 - Details
Translation
Original Text
Morphology
- באותי: VERB,qal,impf,1,m,sg
- ואסרם: VERB,qal,impf,1,m,sg
- ואספו: VERB,qal,impf,3,m,pl
- עליהם: PREP,3,m,pl
- עמים: NOUN,pl,m,abs
- באסרם: PREP,3,m,pl
- לשתי: PREP+NUM,card,f,du
- עונתם: NOUN,f,sg,abs
Parallels
- Isaiah 10:5-7 (thematic): Portrays a foreign power (Assyria) as the LORD’s instrument of judgment—paralleling Hosea’s motif that nations will be gathered against Israel as divine punishment.
- Deuteronomy 28:25 (thematic): Part of the covenant curses promising that enemies/nations will beset and overrun Israel—echoes the threat that peoples will be assembled against them for their sin.
- Joel 3:2-3 (thematic): Joel speaks of God gathering the nations to judge Israel and punish exploitation—parallels the image of peoples assembled against Israel as retribution.
- Hosea 8:9 (allusion): Within the same prophetic oracle Ephraim’s reliance on Assyria and the coming consequences are described—an internal echo of foreign peoples being used against Israel.
Alternative generated candidates
- When I come, I will seize them; I will gather nations against them, and they shall be taken captive for their double guilt.
- When I come, I will take them away; I will assemble the nations against them and bind them for their double guilt.
Hos.10.11 - Details
Translation
Original Text
Morphology
- ואפרים: CONJ+NOUN,m,sg,abs
- עגלה: NOUN,f,sg,abs
- מלמדה: VERB,qal,perf,3,f,sg
- אהבתי: VERB,qal,perf,1,_,sg
- לדוש: VERB,qal,inf
- ואני: PRON,1,sg
- עברתי: VERB,qal,perf,1,m,sg
- על: PREP
- טוב: ADJ,m,pl,abs
- צוארה: NOUN,m,sg,abs+3,fs
- ארכיב: VERB,qal,impf,1,sg
- אפרים: NOUN,m,sg,abs
- יחרוש: VERB,qal,impf,3,m,sg
- יהודה: NOUN,m,sg,prop
- ישדד: VERB,qal,impf,3,m,sg
- לו: PRON,3,m,sg
- יעקב: NOUN,prop,m,sg,abs
Parallels
- Isaiah 10:27 (verbal): Uses the same yoke/neck imagery (removal or placing of a yoke on the neck) to speak of divine control or relief—parallels Hosea's motif of putting a yoke on Ephraim's neck as an act of judgment/discipline.
- Joel 3:13 (thematic): Threshing and harvest imagery is used to depict judgment and separation; Joel's call to 'put in the sickle' echoes Hosea's agricultural/oxen-threshing metaphor for Ephraim's fate.
- Hosea 7:11 (thematic): Another depiction of Ephraim's character in Hosea (here as foolish/dubious like a dove and leaning on foreign powers); thematically linked in portraying Ephraim's misguided behavior and impending discipline.
- Deuteronomy 28:48 (allusion): Covenantal curse language about being placed under a yoke for disobedience provides a legal/background parallel: the yoke on the neck as punishment for covenant failure, echoed in Hosea's threatened yoking of Ephraim.
Alternative generated candidates
- Ephraim is a well-trained heifer that loves to thresh; I will pass over her fair neck. I will harness Ephraim; Judah shall plow, and Jacob shall break up his fallow ground.
- Ephraim was a trained heifer that loved to thresh; I took away her easy yoke. I will harness Ephraim— Judah shall plow, and Jacob shall break up his fallow ground.
Hos.10.12 - Details
Translation
Original Text
Morphology
- זרעו: NOUN,m,sg,abs+3ms
- לכם: PREP,2,m,pl
- לצדקה: PREP
- קצרו: VERB,qal,perf,3,m,pl
- לפי: PREP
- חסד: NOUN,m,sg,abs
- נירו: NOUN,m,sg,abs
- לכם: PREP,2,m,pl
- ניר: NOUN,m,sg,abs
- ועת: CONJ+NOUN,f,sg,abs
- לדרוש: VERB,qal,inf
- את: PRT,acc
- יהוה: NOUN,prop,m,sg,abs
- עד: PREP
- יבוא: VERB,qal,impf,3,m,sg
- וירה: CONJ+VERB,qal,impf,3,m,sg
- צדק: NOUN,m,sg,abs
- לכם: PREP,2,m,pl
Parallels
- Proverbs 11:18 (verbal): Uses the same moral agricultural metaphor — ‘one who sows righteousness’ and the idea that righteous sowing yields a divine reward, paralleling Hosea’s ‘sow for yourselves righteousness.’
- Galatians 6:7-9 (verbal): Paul’s injunction about sowing and reaping (do not be deceived… a man reaps what he sows; sow to the Spirit and reap life) echoes Hosea’s ethical call to sow righteousness and reap mercy/righteousness.
- Isaiah 55:6 (thematic): The summons ‘Seek the LORD’ and the urgency of doing so at the appropriate time correspond to Hosea’s ‘it is time to seek the LORD,’ linking repentance and divine response.
- Joel 2:23-24 (thematic): Speaks of God sending rain (former and latter) and restoring the land — parallels Hosea’s image of God ‘coming and raining righteousness’ as a promised blessing tied to seeking the LORD.
- Psalm 85:10-11 (allusion): Portrays righteousness coming from heaven (‘righteousness looks down from heaven’) and the meeting of steadfast love and truth, resonating with Hosea’s motif of divine righteousness being poured out.
Alternative generated candidates
- Sow for yourselves righteousness; reap according to steadfast love. Break up your fallow ground; it is time to seek the LORD— that he may come and rain righteousness upon you.
- Sow for yourselves righteousness; reap according to steadfast love. Break up your fallow ground; for it is time to seek the LORD, until he comes and rains righteousness upon you.
Hos.10.13 - Details
Translation
Original Text
Morphology
- חרשתם: VERB,qal,perf,2,m,pl
- רשע: NOUN,m,sg,abs
- עולתה: NOUN,m,sg,abs,3,m,sg
- קצרתם: VERB,qal,perf,2,m,pl
- אכלתם: VERB,qal,perf,2,m,pl
- פרי: NOUN,m,sg,cs
- כחש: VERB,qal,perf,3,m,sg
- כי: CONJ
- בטחת: VERB,qal,perf,2,m,sg
- בדרכך: PREP+NOUN,f,sg,abs,2,m,sg
- ברב: PREP+NOUN,m,sg,abs
- גבוריך: NOUN,m,pl,abs+2ms
Parallels
- Hosea 8:7 (verbal): Uses the same sow/ reap imagery (they sow the wind and reap the whirlwind); closely parallels Hos.10:13’s theme that evil actions yield destructive consequences.
- Jeremiah 12:13 (thematic): Speaks of sowing and reaping in judgment—'they sow wheat and reap thorns'—echoing Hos.10:13’s idea that Israel will consume the fruit of their deceit and face ruin.
- Galatians 6:7 (thematic): New Testament summary of the moral principle behind sowing and reaping—'whatever one sows, that will he also reap'—paralleling Hos.10:13’s causal link between wicked conduct and its outcome.
- Psalm 20:7 (thematic): Contrasts trust in military strength with trust in God ('Some trust in chariots and some in horses…'), paralleling Hos.10:13’s critique of relying on 'the multitude of your mighty men' rather than God.
- Isaiah 31:1 (thematic): Condemns reliance on foreign military power ('woe to those who go down to Egypt for help… who trust in horses'), echoing Hos.10:13’s rebuke of trusting in human might instead of the Lord.
Alternative generated candidates
- You have plowed wickedness and reaped injustice; you have eaten the fruit of lies, because you trusted in your own way and in the might of your warriors.
- You have plowed wickedness and reaped injustice; you have eaten the fruit of lies, because you trusted in your way and in the multitude of your heroes.
Hos.10.14 - Details
Translation
Original Text
Morphology
- וקאם: VERB,qal,perf,3,m,sg
- שאון: NOUN,m,sg,abs
- בעמך: PREP+NOUN,m,sg,abs+2ms
- וכל: CONJ+PRON,indef
- מבצריך: NOUN,m,sg,abs
- יושד: VERB,qal,impf,3,m,sg
- כשד: NOUN,m,sg,abs
- שלמן: NOUN,m,sg,abs
- בית: NOUN,m,sg,abs
- ארבאל: NOUN,m,sg,abs
- ביום: PREP
- מלחמה: NOUN,f,sg,abs
- אם: CONJ
- על: PREP
- בנים: NOUN,m,pl,abs
- רטשה: VERB,qal,perf,3,f,pl
Parallels
- Hos.13:16 (verbal): Repeats the same horrific image of mothers being dashed in pieces on their children as part of Hosea’s pronouncement of judgment against Samaria—closely parallels wording and intent.
- Isa.13:16 (verbal): Isaiah’s oracle against Babylon employs the same gruesome motif—‘children dashed to pieces before their eyes’—echoing the violent language of total destruction.
- Amos 1:13 (thematic): Amos condemns the Ammonites for ripping open pregnant women in Gilead; thematically parallels the brutal treatment of mothers and children as evidence of moral atrocity warranting divine punishment.
- 2 Kgs 15:29 (allusion): Historic parallel to Assyrian incursions into northern Israelite towns; Hosea’s mention of ‘Shalman’ and Beth-Arbel evokes the real-world Assyrian devastation recorded in the kings’ accounts.
Alternative generated candidates
- Shall I not sound an alarm against your people? All who prepare shall be plundered— as the spoiler of Shalman at Beth-arbel in the day of battle, who dashed even the pregnant women in pieces.
- Therefore shall ruin arise against your people, and all your strongholds shall be plundered— as Shalman plundered Beth‑Arbel in the day of battle; mothers were dashed in pieces with their children.
Hos.10.15 - Details
Translation
Original Text
Morphology
- ככה: ADV
- עשה: VERB,qal,perf,3,m,sg
- לכם: PREP,2,m,pl
- בית: NOUN,m,sg,abs
- אל: NEG
- מפני: PREP
- רעת: NOUN,f,sg,construct
- רעתכם: NOUN,f,sg,cons,2,pl
- בשחר: PREP+NOUN,m,sg,abs
- נדמה: VERB,nip,perf,3,m,sg
- נדמה: VERB,nip,perf,3,m,sg
- מלך: NOUN,m,sg,cons
- ישראל: NOUN,m,sg,abs
Parallels
- Amos 7:9 (thematic): Both prophets pronounce destruction of Israel's high places (including Bethel) and the overthrow of the northern leadership — a divine judgment on the cultic centers of Israel.
- 1 Kings 12:28-30 (structural): Narrative background for Bethel's guilt: Jeroboam establishes a rival cult at Bethel (golden calf), explaining the idolatry and 'great wickedness' that Hosea condemns.
- 2 Kings 23:15-18 (structural): King Josiah later destroys the altar and high place at Bethel, historically paralleling Hosea’s oracle of Bethel’s doom and the removal of Israel’s cultic/royal symbols.
- Hos. 8:4 (verbal): Within Hosea, this verse criticizes Israel’s illegitimate kings/princes ('they set up kings, but not by me'), echoing the theme of rejected leadership and divine withdrawal that leads to the king’s removal in 10:15.
Alternative generated candidates
- Thus has Bethel done to you because of your great wickedness: at dawn the majesty of Israel shall be utterly cut off.
- So shall Bethel do to you because of your great evil: in the morning the king of Israel shall be utterly cut off.
Do not rejoice, O Israel; do not exult like the nations—for you have prostituted yourself, forsaking your God; you loved reward on every threshing-floor.
The threshing floor and the winepress shall not make them glad; new wine shall fail them.
They shall not dwell in the land of the LORD; Ephraim shall return to Egypt, and in Assyria they shall eat unclean food.
They shall not pour out wine to the LORD, nor will their sacrifices please him; their offerings shall be like bread for mourners—whoever eats of it shall be defiled; for their bread is for their own life; it shall not come into the house of the LORD.
What will you do on the day of your appointed festival, on the day of the LORD's feast?
For behold, they have gone away because of violence; Egypt shall gather them, Memphis shall bury them; the treasures of silver shall be carried away to Assyria; thorns shall spring up in their tents.
The days of reckoning have come, the days of retribution have come; Israel shall know it. The prophet is a fool, the man of the spirit is mad—because of the multitude of your iniquity and great hatred.
Ephraim is joined to idols; a prophet's snare lies along all his ways—treachery is in the house of their God.
They have deepened their corruption, like the days of Gibeah; he will remember their guilt and punish their sins.
I found Israel like grapes in the wilderness; I saw your fathers as the first-ripe on the fig tree in its first season. But they went to Baal-peor and became detestable; they made themselves an abomination like that which they loved.
Ephraim is like a bird that will fly away; glory will fly from birth, from the womb and from conception.
Even if they rear children, I will bereave them of men; woe to them when I make them as one who has no children.
Ephraim, as I saw, was a pleasant vine planted in a fruitful place; but Ephraim has brought forth to slaughter his sons.
Give them, O LORD—what shall you give? Give them a miscarrying womb and dry breasts.
All their wickedness is at Gilgal; there I began to hate them. Because of the wickedness of their deeds I will drive them from my house; I will love them no more— all their princes are faithless.
Ephraim is struck, their root is dried up; they shall bear no fruit. Even if they bear, I will slay the delights of their womb.
My God will reject them, because they did not obey him; and they shall be wanderers among the nations.
Israel is a luxuriant vine that yields fruit for herself; as her fruit increased, her altars multiplied—she set up many sacred pillars as her land prospered.
Their heart is divided; now they shall be held guilty. He will break down their altars and plunder their sacred pillars.
For now they say, 'We have no king'—for we do not fear the LORD. And what can a king do for us?
They speak empty words; a covenant is cut off—vanity, like the morning cloud and the dew that passes away.
They will fear for the calf of Beth-aven; its inhabitants shall mourn over it, and its priests shall cry out over its glory, because it has departed from it.
It shall be carried to Assyria as tribute to the great king; Ephraim shall be given over, and Israel shall be ashamed of its counsel.
Samaria shall yield her king as foam on the surface of the waters. And the calf of Israel shall be destroyed by fire; thorns and briers shall grow on their altars—then they will say to the mountains, 'Cover us,' and to the hills, 'Fall upon us.'
From the days of Gibeah is Israel's sin—there it stands; there shall be no victory for them in the day of battle against the sons of guilt.
I will go and take them away; I will call the nations against them and bind them in chains for their double iniquity.
Ephraim is a trained heifer that loves to thresh; therefore I will lay a yoke across her fair neck. I will make Ephraim ride; Judah shall plow, and Jacob shall break up the ground.
Sow for yourselves righteousness; reap steadfast love. Break up your fallow ground—for it is time to seek the LORD, until he come and rain righteousness upon you.
You have plowed wickedness and reaped iniquity; you have eaten the fruit of lies, because you trusted in your own way and in the abundance of your warriors.
Therefore shall a tumult arise among your people, and all your strongholds shall be plundered—like Shalman in Beth-arbel on the day of battle, when he dashed mothers to pieces along with their children. Thus shall Bethel do to you because of your great wickedness: at morning—'Gone! gone!'—the king of Israel shall be cut off.