Psalms 44–26
Psalm 44:1-26
Psa.44.1 - Details
Translation
Original Text
Morphology
- למנצח: PREP+NOUN,m,sg,abs
- לבני: PREP
- קרח: NOUN,m,sg,abs
- משכיל: VERB,qal,ptc,3,m,sg
Parallels
- Psalm 42:1 (structural): Superscription likewise names the choirmaster and the Sons of Korah (a Korahite liturgical attribution), showing the same structural heading/performative designation.
- Psalm 84:1 (structural): Another psalm attributed to the Sons of Korah in its heading, demonstrating the same Korahite temple-music authorship/setting.
- Psalm 32:1 (verbal): Begins with the technical literary label 'Maskil' (maschil) like Psalm 44, linking both to the same didactic/meditative genre of psalms.
- Numbers 26:11 (allusion): Notes that the descendants of Korah did not die (contra the rebellion narrative), providing the genealogical/historical background for the Korahite singers named in Psalm superscriptions.
Alternative generated candidates
- For the leader; a Maskil of the sons of Korah.
- For the leader; a Maskil of the sons of Korah.
Psa.44.2 - Details
Translation
Original Text
Morphology
- אלהים: NOUN,m,pl,abs
- באזנינו: PREP+NOUN,f,pl,abs,poss_1pl
- שמענו: VERB,qal,perf,1,c,pl
- אבותינו: NOUN,m,pl,abs+1cp
- ספרו: VERB,qal,impv,2,_,pl
- לנו: PREP+PRON,1,pl
- פעל: VERB,qal,perf,3,m,sg
- פעלת: VERB,qal,perf,2,m,sg
- בימיהם: PREP+NOUN,m,pl,abs,poss_3mp
- בימי: PREP+NOUN,m,pl,cons
- קדם: NOUN,m,sg,cons
Parallels
- Psalm 78:1-4 (verbal): Both begin by framing instruction as what was 'heard' and 'told' by the fathers and commit to recounting God's deeds in former days (very similar language and purpose).
- Exodus 10:2 (allusion): God commands that the acts done in Egypt be told 'in the ears of thy son, and of thy son's son'—the same obligation to pass on memories of God's works to descendants.
- Deuteronomy 4:32 (thematic): An appeal to inquire about and remember 'the days that are past' and God's mighty acts; parallels the Psalm's call to recall ancestral testimony about God's deeds.
- Romans 15:4 (thematic): Paul appeals to 'things written aforetime' as written for our instruction and hope, echoing the idea that past accounts of God's acts are preserved to teach later generations.
- 1 Corinthians 10:11 (thematic): Paul notes that the events of Israel's history were written as examples for us—parallel to the Psalm's use of ancestral reports about God's actions for present instruction.
Alternative generated candidates
- God, in our ears we have heard; our fathers have told us the work you wrought in their days, in the days of old.
- O God, in our hearing we have heard; our fathers told us—they recounted to us the deeds you wrought in their days, in the days of old.
Psa.44.3 - Details
Translation
Original Text
Morphology
- אתה: PRON,2,m,sg
- ידך: NOUN,f,sg,abs,poss:2,f,sg
- גוים: NOUN,m,pl,abs
- הורשת: VERB,hiphil,perf,2,m,sg
- ותטעם: VERB,qal,impf,3,fs,sg
- תרע: VERB,qal,impf,3,f,sg
- לאמים: PREP+NOUN,m,pl,abs
- ותשלחם: VERB,qal,perf,3,f,sg
Parallels
- Deuteronomy 9:4-5 (thematic): Like Ps. 44:3, these verses insist Israel did not possess the land by their own righteousness or sword but by God’s purpose and initiative in dispossessing the nations.
- Deuteronomy 7:1-2 (thematic): Speaks of the LORD delivering nations into Israel’s hand so they could dispossess them—paralleling the image of God handing over peoples to Israel in Psalm 44:3.
- Joshua 21:43-45 (structural): Affirms that the LORD gave Israel the land and fulfilled his promises; parallels Psalm 44’s claim that the conquest/possession is the work of God rather than Israel’s own strength.
- Isaiah 41:13 (verbal): Uses the motif of God’s ‘right hand’ that upholds and delivers Israel—echoing Psalm 44:3’s emphasis on divine power (hand/right hand) as the cause of Israel’s victory.
Alternative generated candidates
- You drove out the nations by your hand and planted them; you crushed peoples and dispersed them.
- By your hand you drove out the nations and planted them; you subdued the peoples and sent them away.
Psa.44.4 - Details
Translation
Original Text
Morphology
- כי: CONJ
- לא: PART_NEG
- בחרבם: PREP+NOUN,f,sg,abs+PRON,3,m,pl
- ירשו: VERB,qal,perf,3,m,pl
- ארץ: NOUN,f,sg,abs
- וזרועם: CONJ+NOUN,f,sg,abs+PRON,3,m,pl
- לא: PART_NEG
- הושיעה: VERB,hiph,imp,2,ms
- למו: PREP+PRON,3,m,pl
- כי: CONJ
- ימינך: NOUN,f,sg,abs+PRON,2,m,sg
- וזרועך: CONJ+NOUN,f,sg,abs+PRON,2,m,sg
- ואור: CONJ+NOUN,m,sg,abs
- פניך: NOUN,f,pl,abs+PRON,2,m,sg
- כי: CONJ
- רציתם: VERB,qal,perf,2,m,pl
Parallels
- Deuteronomy 8:17-18 (verbal): Warns Israel not to boast 'my power and the might of my hand' for acquiring wealth, attributing true ability/gain to the LORD—parallels Psalm's denial that human arm/sword secured the land and affirmation of God's hand.
- Psalm 20:7 (thematic): Contrasts reliance on military strength (chariots, horses) with trust in the LORD—echoes Ps.44:4's refusal to credit human arms and its dependence on God's right hand.
- Psalm 33:16-17 (thematic): Declares that no king or warrior is saved by army or horse, reinforcing the theme that salvation and success come from the LORD rather than human military might, as in Ps.44:4.
- Isaiah 31:1 (allusion): Condemns seeking help from Egypt/horses and trusting military power instead of the LORD—parallels the rebuke of trusting arms and the affirmation of reliance on God's power in Ps.44:4.
Alternative generated candidates
- For not by their sword did they inherit the land, nor did their arm save them; but your right hand and your arm and the light of your face—for you delighted in them.
- For not by their sword did they inherit the land, nor did their arm save them; but your right hand and your arm, and the light of your face—for you delighted in them.
Psa.44.5 - Details
Translation
Original Text
Morphology
- אתה: PRON,2,m,sg
- הוא: PRON,3,m,sg
- מלכי: NOUN,pl,m,cons
- אלהים: NOUN,m,pl,abs
- צוה: VERB,qal,perf,3,m,sg
- ישועות: NOUN,f,pl,abs
- יעקב: NOUN,prop,m,sg,abs
Parallels
- Psalm 18:50 (thematic): Speaks of God giving great salvation to his king and showing steadfast love to his anointed—parallel theme of God as sovereign who grants victory to his people/king.
- Psalm 2:6–9 (structural): God declares his installation of a king and the subjection of nations—shares the motif of divine kingship and God’s grant of victory/authority to Israel’s ruler.
- Psalm 20:6–9 (verbal): A royal wartime prayer celebrating the LORD’s saving of his anointed and asking for victory—closely parallels the petition that God command victories for Jacob/the king.
- Psalm 21:1–7 (thematic): Describes the king rejoicing in God’s strength and God granting him victory and blessing—echoes the idea of God as king and source of success for Israel’s ruler.
- 1 Samuel 17:46–47 (allusion): David asserts that the LORD gives victory over enemies and that deliverance comes from God, reflecting the theme that triumph belongs to Yahweh who secures Israel’s victories.
Alternative generated candidates
- You are my King, O God; command victories for Jacob.
- You are my King, O God; ordain victories for Jacob.
Psa.44.6 - Details
Translation
Original Text
Morphology
- בך: PREP+PRON,2,m,sg
- צרינו: NOUN,m,sg,abs,1,m,pl
- ננגח: VERB,qal,impf,1,c,pl
- בשמך: PREP+NOUN,m,sg,abs+PRON:2ms
- נבוס: VERB,qal,impf,1,c,pl
- קמינו: NOUN,m,sg,pr,1,pl
Parallels
- Psalm 60:12 (verbal): Uses near-identical language — 'Through God we shall do valiantly; for he it is that shall tread down our enemies' — echoing the image of God enabling Israel to trample foes.
- Psalm 108:13 (quotation): Repeats the line found in Psalm 60:12 almost verbatim; a direct verbal parallel emphasizing divine victory over enemies.
- Psalm 44:5 (structural): Immediate context within the same psalm: the preceding verse likewise attributes victory over enemies to God’s help and name, forming a thematic/structural unit with v.6.
- 1 Samuel 17:45 (allusion): David’s declaration to Goliath — that he comes 'in the name of the LORD' and expects victory — parallels the motif of relying on God’s name to defeat adversaries.
- Exodus 14:14 (thematic): 'The LORD will fight for you' expresses the same theological theme: God himself secures victory for his people against their enemies.
Alternative generated candidates
- By you we push down our foes; in your name we trample those who rise up against us.
- In you we push down our foes; in your name we trample those who rise up against us.
Psa.44.7 - Details
Translation
Original Text
Morphology
- כי: CONJ
- לא: PART_NEG
- בקשתי: PREP+NOUN,f,sg,abs+1,sg
- אבטח: VERB,qal,impf,1,sg
- וחרבי: CONJ+NOUN,f,sg,abs+poss,1,sg
- לא: PART_NEG
- תושיעני: VERB,hif,impf,ind,3,f,sg
Parallels
- Psalm 20:7 (verbal): Explicit contrast between trust in military resources (chariots/horses) and trust in the LORD, echoing 'I do not trust in my bow; my sword will not save me.'
- Psalm 33:16-17 (verbal): States that no king is saved by a large army and that a horse is a vain hope for safety, thematically paralleling the rejection of reliance on weapons.
- Isaiah 31:1 (verbal): Condemns seeking help from horses and chariots (Egypt) rather than relying on God — a prophetic parallel to refusing trust in arms.
- Jeremiah 17:5 (thematic): Pronounces a curse on those who trust in man rather than the LORD, reflecting the broader theological principle behind rejecting confidence in weapons or human might.
Alternative generated candidates
- I do not trust in my bow, nor does my sword bring me salvation.
- I will not trust in my bow, nor shall my sword save me.
Psa.44.8 - Details
Translation
Original Text
Morphology
- כי: CONJ
- הושעתנו: VERB,hiphil,perf,2,m,sg
- מצרינו: NOUN,m,pl,abs
- ומשנאינו: CONJ+NOUN,m,pl,abs
- הבישות: ART+NOUN,f,pl,def
Parallels
- Psalm 18:48 (verbal): David celebrates God delivering him from his enemies and lifting him above those who rise against him—language closely paralleling ‘You have saved us from our enemies’ and shaming the foes.
- 2 Samuel 22:48 (verbal): Parallel to Psalm 18:48 (David’s song of deliverance): speaks of God rescuing from enemies and defeating those who hate him, echoing the verse’s content.
- Psalm 106:10 (verbal): Describes God saving Israel from the hand of the foe/ enemy—similar verbal theme of divine rescue from adversaries.
- Exodus 14:31 (thematic): After the crossing of the sea Israel sees the LORD’s work and the defeat of Egypt; thematically matches divine salvation from enemies and the humiliation of foes.
- Psalm 3:7 (thematic): A cry for God to save and to strike the speaker’s enemies so they are put to shame—shares the motif of God’s vindication by confounding those who hate or oppose his people.
Alternative generated candidates
- You gave us help against our adversaries and put to shame those who hated us.
- You saved us from our foes and put to shame those who hate us.
Psa.44.9 - Details
Translation
Original Text
Morphology
- באלהים: PREP+NOUN,m,pl,abs
- הללנו: VERB,qal,perf,1,_,pl
- כל: DET
- היום: NOUN,m,sg,def
- ושמך: CONJ+NOUN,m,sg,abs+PRON,2,m,sg
- לעולם: PREP+NOUN,m,sg,abs
- נודה: VERB,qal,impf,1,_,pl
- סלה: MISC
Parallels
- Psalm 145:1-2 (verbal): Contains near-verbal parallels — 'I will exalt you, my God the King; I will praise your name for ever and ever' and 'Every day I will bless you', echoing 'praise God all day' and 'your name we will praise forever.'
- Psalm 34:1 (thematic): Expresses the same idea of continual praise: 'I will bless the LORD at all times; his praise shall continually be in my mouth,' paralleling 'we praise God all day.'
- Psalm 71:8 (verbal): Shares language of continual praise: 'My mouth is filled with your praise, and with your glory all the day,' closely matching 'praise... all day.'
- Psalm 135:13 (thematic): Focuses on the enduring nature of God's name: 'Your name, O LORD, endures forever,' paralleling 'we will praise/thank your name forever.'
- Psalm 115:1 (thematic): Emphasizes giving glory to God's name rather than to ourselves ('Not to us, O LORD, not to us, but to your name give glory'), resonating with the commitment to praise and acknowledge God's name perpetually.
Alternative generated candidates
- All day long we boast in God, and for your name we will give thanks forever. Selah.
- In God we boast all day long, and we will praise your name forever. Selah.
Psa.44.10 - Details
Translation
Original Text
Morphology
- אף: ADV
- זנחת: VERB,qal,perf,2,m,sg
- ותכלימנו: VERB,piel,perf,2,m,sg
- ולא: CONJ
- תצא: VERB,qal,impf,2,ms
- בצבאותינו: PREP+NOUN,m,pl,abs
Parallels
- Psalm 22:1 (verbal): Communal cry of abandonment—"My God, my God, why have you forsaken me?"—echoes the sense that God has rejected or forsaken his people.
- Lamentations 5:20-21 (thematic): A communal lament asking why God has forgotten and forsaken Israel, paralleling the psalm’s complaint of divine rejection and absence.
- 1 Samuel 4:10-11 (structural): Israel is defeated in battle and the ark is captured, reflecting the theme that God did not go forth with Israel’s armies or deliver them in war.
- Isaiah 63:10 (thematic): Describes the people grieving God’s Spirit so that he ‘turned to be their enemy’—a theological explanation for divine withdrawal or failure to aid in battle.
- Psalm 89:38-39 (verbal): Speaks of God casting off and being wroth with his anointed—language of rejection and abandonment similar to the psalmist’s charge that God has rejected and shamed them.
Alternative generated candidates
- Yet you have rejected and shamed us and do not go out with our armies.
- Yet you have rejected and put us to shame; you do not go out with our hosts.
Psa.44.11 - Details
Translation
Original Text
Morphology
- תשיבנו: VERB,hiphil,imperfect,2,m,sg
- אחור: ADV
- מני: PREP+PRON,1,_,sg
- צר: NOUN,m,sg,abs
- ומשנאינו: CONJ+NOUN,m,pl,abs
- שסו: VERB,qal,perf,3,m,pl
- למו: PREP+PRON,3,m,pl
Parallels
- Psalm 44:12 (structural): Immediate continuation of the lament: verse 11's defeat and enemies' rejoicing is followed directly by imagery of being handed over like sheep to slaughter (closely connected contextually).
- Deuteronomy 28:25 (thematic): Part of the Deuteronomic curse: Israel will be routed before its enemies and flee in all directions, echoing the psalm's complaint that God has made them turn back before the foe.
- Lamentations 2:15 (thematic): Describes onlookers clapping and hissing over Jerusalem's downfall—parallels the theme of enemies gloating and taking spoil over Israel's defeat.
- Psalm 35:26 (verbal): A personal lament calling for shame on those who rejoice at the psalmist's calamity ('rejoice at my hurt'), matching Psalm 44's depiction of enemies exulting over Israel's misfortune.
Alternative generated candidates
- You make us turn back before the foe, and those who hate us plunder us.
- You make us turn back before the foe, and those who hate us despoil us.
Psa.44.12 - Details
Translation
Original Text
Morphology
- תתננו: VERB,qal,perf,3,m,pl
- כצאן: PREP+NOUN,m,sg,abs
- מאכל: NOUN,m,sg,abs
- ובגוים: CONJ+PREP+NOUN,m,pl,abs
- זריתנו: VERB,qal,perf,3,m,pl
Parallels
- Isaiah 53:6 (verbal): Uses the sheep imagery for Israel's plight: 'All we like sheep have gone astray,' echoing being like sheep exposed to harm.
- Ezekiel 34:5 (thematic): Speaks of sheep scattered because there is no shepherd—parallel motif of the people as scattered/sheep among the nations.
- Deuteronomy 28:64 (allusion): Part of the covenant curse: the LORD will scatter you among all peoples—direct thematic parallel to being cast among the nations.
- Psalm 79:2 (verbal): Speaks of giving God's servants to beasts and birds—comparable imagery of people as prey, like sheep for consumption.
- Psalm 44:11 (structural): Immediate context: verse 11 depicts the people as reproach and derision to neighbors, closely connected to verse 12’s image of being given and scattered.
Alternative generated candidates
- You give us up as sheep for food and scatter us among the nations.
- You give us as sheep for food and scatter us among the nations.
Psa.44.13 - Details
Translation
Original Text
Morphology
- תמכר: VERB,qal,imperfect,2,m,sg
- עמך: NOUN,m,sg,suff-2m
- בלא: PREP
- הון: NOUN,m,sg,abs
- ולא: CONJ
- רבית: NOUN,f,sg,abs
- במחיריהם: PREP+NOUN,m,pl,abs,PRON:3,m,pl
Parallels
- Isaiah 52:3 (verbal): Uses the same motif of being ‘sold for nothing’/‘sold for nought’ (God’s people delivered or treated as having no price), closely paralleling the language of תמכר… בלא הון.
- Isaiah 50:1 (allusion): Speaks of God’s people as if handed over or sold (’whom have I sold you to?’), echoing the legal/transactional imagery of a people treated as commodities.
- Amos 8:6 (thematic): Condemns the exploitation and cheap sale of the poor (‘buy the poor for silver’), thematically related to the injustice of people being sold or valued at no price.
- Psalm 44:12 (structural): Immediate context within the same psalm — describes the nation delivered/handed over and scattered among nations, closely connected to the image of being sold or made a byword.
Alternative generated candidates
- You sell your people for nothing; you make no gain from their price.
- You sell your people for nothing; you make no gain from their sale.
Psa.44.14 - Details
Translation
Original Text
Morphology
- תשימנו: VERB,qal,impf,2,m,sg
- חרפה: NOUN,f,sg,abs
- לשכנינו: PREP+NOUN,m,pl,abs,1p
- לעג: NOUN,m,sg,abs
- וקלס: CONJ+NOUN,m,sg,abs
- לסביבותינו: PREP+NOUN,f,pl,abs,1p
Parallels
- Ps.79.4 (verbal): Nearly identical language and context — the community has become a reproach, an object of scorn and derision to those around them (communal lament over national humiliation).
- Ps.22.6-8 (verbal): Individual lament that employs the same motif of being a reproach and the target of mockery and derision by onlookers ("all who see me laugh me to scorn").
- Ps.31.11 (verbal): Uses comparable phrasing about being a reproach and a terror to neighbors, echoing the social isolation and shame described in Ps 44:14.
- Ps.69.7 (thematic): Speaks of bearing reproach and shame for God’s sake; thematically related in portraying reproach/derision as part of the faithful community’s suffering.
Alternative generated candidates
- You make us a reproach to our neighbors—derision and mockery to those about us.
- You make us a reproach to our neighbors, a scoffing and derision to those around us.
Psa.44.15 - Details
Translation
Original Text
Morphology
- תשימנו: VERB,qal,impf,2,m,sg
- משל: VERB,qal,perf,3,m,sg
- בגוים: PREP+NOUN,m,pl,abs
- מנוד: NOUN,m,sg,abs
- ראש: NOUN,m,sg,abs
- בל: PART
- אמים: NOUN,m,pl,abs
Parallels
- Deuteronomy 28:37 (verbal): Part of the covenant curse: Israel will become an object of astonishment, a proverb and a byword among all nations — language and idea closely echo Psalm 44's ‘byword among the nations.’
- Psalm 79:4 (verbal): Speaks of becoming a taunt and mockery to neighboring peoples — a parallel verbal and thematic depiction of national disgrace and derision.
- Psalm 22:7-8 (thematic): Describes being mocked and scorned (‘they make mouths at me; they wag their heads’) — parallels the motif of public derision and ridicule found in Psalm 44:15.
- Ezekiel 36:20-23 (allusion): When Israel is scattered among the nations they profane God’s name and become an object of reproach; thematically parallels the exile-induced disgrace and the consequences of being a ‘byword’ among peoples.
Alternative generated candidates
- You make us a byword among the nations, a shaking of the head among the peoples.
- You make us a byword among the nations, a shaking of the head among the peoples.
Psa.44.16 - Details
Translation
Original Text
Morphology
- כל: DET
- היום: NOUN,m,sg,def
- כלמתי: NOUN,f,sg,abs+1s
- נגדי: PREP
- ובשת: CONJ+NOUN,f,sg,cons
- פני: NOUN,m,sg,cons
- כסתני: VERB,qal,perf,3,m,sg+1s
Parallels
- Psalm 44:15 (structural): Immediate context: the preceding line continues the same theme of humiliation and abasement, forming a unit with v.16 (broadens the complaint of shame and lowliness).
- Psalm 22:6-7 (thematic): Both passages depict intense public disgrace and scorn (’I am a worm… despised’, ’shame before me’), using imagery of reproach and derision.
- Psalm 69:7-8 (thematic): Speaks of becoming a reproach and object of shame among neighbors and kin—similar motif of persistent dishonor and social humiliation.
- Job 30:10-11 (verbal): Job describes being abhorred, mocked, and turned away from (’they abhor me… they cast off my presence’), paralleling the Psalm’s sense of continual shame and covered face.
- Lamentations 3:51-52 (allusion): Expresses being mocked and scorned by enemies and onlookers, echoing the psalm’s theme of ongoing public humiliation and shame.
Alternative generated candidates
- All day long reproach lies against us, and shame covers our faces.
- All day long my dishonor is before me, and shame covers my face.
Psa.44.17 - Details
Translation
Original Text
Morphology
- מקול: PREP+NOUN,m,sg,abs
- מחרף: PREP+NOUN,m,sg,abs
- ומגדף: CONJ+VERB,ptc,qal,-,m,sg
- מפני: PREP
- אויב: NOUN,m,sg,abs
- ומתנקם: CONJ+VERB,hithp,ptc,3,m,sg
Parallels
- Psalm 22:6-8 (verbal): The psalmist is mocked and reviled—‘they that see me laugh me to scorn… they shoot out the lip’—paralleling being the object of reproach and blasphemy from enemies.
- Psalm 69:9-12 (structural): Describes bearing reproach and shame and being reviled by enemies (‘reproach hath broken my heart… they that hate me without a cause are more than the hairs of my head’), echoing the theme of hostile reviling.
- Psalm 35:11-12 (verbal): Speaks of false witnesses and malicious speakers who revile and slander the sufferer—similar language of being attacked by reproachers and enemies.
- Job 30:1-9 (thematic): Job recounts humiliation and derision by youths and former scorners who became his enemies, paralleling the experience of being reproached and hated.
- Isaiah 50:6 (allusion): The servant’s humiliation—being beaten, spat upon and openly disgraced—resonates with the motif of public reproach and blasphemy by hostile foes.
Alternative generated candidates
- At the sound of the scoffer and reviler—because of the foe and the avenger.
- From the voice of the scoffer and reviler, from the presence of the enemy and the avenger.
Psa.44.18 - Details
Translation
Original Text
Morphology
- כל: DET
- זאת: DEM,f,sg
- באתנו: VERB,qal,perf,2,ms,sg,obj:1,pl
- ולא: CONJ
- שכחנוך: VERB,qal,perf,1,pl,obj:2,ms
- ולא: CONJ
- שקרנו: VERB,qal,perf,1,pl
- בבריתך: PREP+NOUN,f,sg,abs,poss:2,ms
Parallels
- Psalm 44:17 (structural): Immediate context in the same psalm: the lament continues the claim that calamity has come despite loyalty to God, forming a single argument across verses 17–26.
- Job 31:6 (thematic): Job asserts his integrity before God ('let God weigh me... I shall be found innocent'), echoing the psalmist's protest that they have not been false to their covenant.
- Psalm 73:13–14 (thematic): The psalmist here wrestles with the sense that faithful conduct seems to profit nothing—'Surely in vain have I kept my heart pure'—a parallel theme of righteous people suffering or being rejected despite faithfulness.
- Habakkuk 1:2–4 (thematic): Habakkuk's complaint ('How long, O LORD... why do you make me look at injustice?') parallels the tone of protest in Psalm 44:18: faithful sufferers appeal to God over apparent abandonment and injustice.
Alternative generated candidates
- All this has come upon us, yet we have not forgotten you, nor have we broken your covenant.
- All this has come upon us, yet we have not forgotten you, and we have not broken your covenant.
Psa.44.19 - Details
Translation
Original Text
Morphology
- לא: PART_NEG
- נסוג: VERB,qal,perf,3,m,sg
- אחור: ADV
- לבנו: PREP+NOUN,m,sg,abs
- ותט: VERB,qal,impf,3,f,sg
- אשרינו: ADJ,-,-,1,m,pl,abs+suffix
- מני: PREP+PRON,1,_,sg
- ארחך: NOUN,m,sg,abs+2ms
Parallels
- Psalm 44:20 (structural): Immediate continuation/parallel within the same psalm — verse 20 states the hypothetical (‘if we had forgotten…’) that verse 19 denies, reinforcing the claim of faithfulness despite suffering.
- Job 13:15 (thematic): Both speakers assert fidelity to God in the face of severe suffering and apparent abandonment — an insistence on not turning away from God even under trial.
- Deuteronomy 8:11-14 (thematic): A covenantal warning against forgetting the LORD when prospered; thematically related as both passages treat remembrance/faithfulness to God and the consequences of (not) abandoning him.
- Lamentations 3:21-24 (thematic): Expressions of steadfast hope and trust in God amid calamity parallel Psalm 44’s insistence that Israel has not turned away from the LORD despite affliction.
Alternative generated candidates
- Our heart has not turned back, nor have our feet departed from your way.
- Our heart has not turned back, nor have our steps strayed from your way.
Psa.44.20 - Details
Translation
Original Text
Morphology
- כי: CONJ
- דכיתנו: VERB,qal,perf,2,m,sg
- במקום: PREP+NOUN,m,sg,abs
- תנים: NOUN,m,pl,abs
- ותכס: VERB,qal,perf,3,f,sg
- עלינו: PREP+PRON,1,pl
- בצלמות: PREP+NOUN,f,pl,abs
Parallels
- Psalm 88:6 (verbal): Both speak of being placed in the depths/covered with darkness — language of being laid low and enveloped in gloom and despair.
- Isaiah 34:13-14 (thematic): Uses the image of jackals and desolation to portray a ruined place; parallels Psalm 44’s motif of being driven into places of wildness and shame.
- Job 30:29-30 (thematic): Job’s identification with nocturnal/despised creatures (owls/dragons) echoes the Psalm’s motif of being reduced to the company of wild, shameful animals and darkness.
- Psalm 74:20 (structural): Speaks of God’s hiding and the filling of dark places with hostile dwellers; parallels Psalm 44’s complaint that God has covered or hidden his people in darkness among desolate creatures.
Alternative generated candidates
- But you crushed us and laid us low in the place of jackals; you covered us with deepest darkness.
- For you have crushed us in the place of jackals and covered us with deep darkness.
Psa.44.21 - Details
Translation
Original Text
Morphology
- אם: CONJ
- שכחנו: VERB,qal,perf,1,c,pl
- שם: ADV
- אלהינו: NOUN,m,pl,abs,poss:1,pl
- ונפרש: VERB,qal,impf,1,c,pl
- כפינו: NOUN,f,pl,abs,poss:1,pl
- לאל: PREP+NOUN,m,sg,abs
- זר: ADJ,m,sg,abs
Parallels
- Deuteronomy 8:11-14 (thematic): Warning not to forget the LORD when prospering and thereby turn to other gods—parallels the Psalm's charge ‘if we have forgotten the name of our God’ and turning to a strange god.
- Deuteronomy 32:21 (verbal): Moses' song indicts Israel for provoking God by adopting ‘strange’/foreign gods—echoes the language and reproach against turning to a strange god.
- Jeremiah 2:11-13 (thematic): Jeremiah accuses the people of changing their gods and forsaking the true God (exchanging the living fountain for broken cisterns), thematically parallel to forgetting God and worshipping a foreign deity.
- Ezekiel 14:3-5 (allusion): Ezekiel confronts leaders who set idols in their hearts and speaks of hidden idolatry; like Psalm 44:21 it presumes God discerns inner faithlessness and will hold it accountable.
- Jeremiah 17:10 (verbal): ‘I the LORD search the heart’—this explicit claim that God searches hearts parallels Psalm 44:21’s assertion that God knows the secrets of the heart.
Alternative generated candidates
- If we have forgotten the name of our God or spread out our hands to a strange god,
- If we have forgotten the name of our God and spread out our hands to a foreign god,
Psa.44.22 - Details
Translation
Original Text
Morphology
- הלא: PART
- אלהים: NOUN,m,pl,abs
- יחקר: VERB,qal,impf,3,m,sg
- זאת: DEM,f,sg
- כי: CONJ
- הוא: PRON,3,m,sg
- ידע: VERB,qal,perf,3,m,sg
- תעלמות: NOUN,f,pl,cs
- לב: NOUN,m,sg,abs
Parallels
- Jer.17:10 (verbal): God explicitly declares, 'I the LORD search the heart, I test the mind,' closely echoing the claim that God knows the secrets of the heart.
- Ps.139:1-4 (verbal): David's meditation 'O LORD, you have searched me and known me; you know my thoughts from afar' parallels the theme of God's intimate knowledge of inner secrets.
- 1 Chron.28:9 (verbal): Solomon is told that 'the LORD searches all hearts and understands every plan and thought,' a direct statement of the same idea about God's knowledge of hidden motives.
- Rom.8:27 (allusion): Paul speaks of 'he who searches hearts' (knowing the mind of the Spirit), echoing the Old Testament motif that God searches and knows the inner life.
- Heb.4:12-13 (thematic): The writer asserts that nothing is hidden from God's sight and that all are exposed to him, reflecting the theme that God knows the secret thoughts of the heart.
Alternative generated candidates
- would not God search this out? For he knows the secrets of the heart.
- would not God search this out? For he knows the secrets of the heart.
Psa.44.23 - Details
Translation
Original Text
Morphology
- כי: CONJ
- עליך: PREP+2ms
- הרגנו: VERB,qal,perf,1,pl
- כל: DET
- היום: NOUN,m,sg,def
- נחשבנו: VERB,niphal,perf,1,pl
- כצאן: PREP+NOUN,m,sg,abs
- טבחה: NOUN,f,sg,abs
Parallels
- Isaiah 53:7 (verbal): Uses the same image of the righteous sufferer 'led like a lamb to the slaughter'—parallel language and theme of innocent suffering and passive submission to death.
- Jeremiah 11:19 (verbal): Speaker compares himself to 'a gentle lamb led to the slaughter,' echoing the Psalm's depiction of being treated as sheep destined for killing.
- Acts 8:32 (quotation): The Ethiopian eunuch reads Isaiah 53:7 ('like a sheep led to the slaughter'); the NT quotation preserves the same slaughter-sheep motif found in Ps 44:23.
- Zechariah 11:7 (thematic): Speaks of pasturing a 'flock for slaughter'—similar sacrificial/slaughter imagery applied to a people or flock exposed to death.
Alternative generated candidates
- For on your account we are killed all day long; we are reckoned as sheep for the slaughter.
- For on your account we are slain all day long; we are accounted as sheep for the slaughter.
Psa.44.24 - Details
Translation
Original Text
Morphology
- עורה: VERB,qal,imper,2,m,sg
- למה: ADV
- תישן: VERB,qal,imperf,2,m,sg
- אדני: NOUN,m,sg,abs,1,sg
- הקיצה: VERB,hiphil,imper,2,m,sg
- אל: NEG
- תזנח: VERB,qal,imperf,2,m,sg
- לנצח: PREP+NOUN,m,sg,abs
Parallels
- Psalm 13:1 (verbal): Both open with a plaintive 'How long, O LORD?' pleading over God's apparent silence and asking not to be forsaken or hidden from.
- Habakkuk 1:2 (verbal): A prophetic lament asking why God does not hear or act—parallel complaint about divine inaction and an urgent call for a response.
- Isaiah 51:9 (thematic): Uses the imperative 'Awake... rouse yourself' language addressed to God's power—echoes the call for God to awaken and act on behalf of his people.
- Psalm 35:23 (verbal): An explicit appeal 'Awake to my vindication'—similar imperative for the LORD to rise, contend, and rescue the petitioner from enemies.
Alternative generated candidates
- Awake! Why do you sleep, O Lord? Rouse yourself; do not cast us off forever.
- Awake, O Lord! Why do you sleep? Stir; do not cast us off forever.
Psa.44.25 - Details
Translation
Original Text
Morphology
- למה: ADV
- פניך: NOUN,f,pl,abs+PRON,2,m,sg
- תסתיר: VERB,hiph,impf,2,m,sg
- תשכח: VERB,qal,impf,2,m,sg
- ענינו: NOUN,m,sg,abs+pr1pl
- ולחצנו: CONJ+NOUN,m,sg,abs,1,pl
Parallels
- Psalm 13:1 (verbal): Uses the same language and complaint—'Will you forget me? … Will you hide your face from me?'—expressing abandonment and divine hiddenness.
- Psalm 69:17 (verbal): Direct plea not to have God's face hidden in the midst of distress ('Do not hide Your face from Your servant; for I am in distress'), paralleling the psalmist's lament.
- Psalm 88:14 (verbal): Employs nearly identical wording ('Why do you hide your face from me?') within a sustained cry of suffering and perceived divine rejection.
- Isaiah 64:7 (verbal): Speaks of God having 'hidden his face from us' as part of a communal confession of sin and calamity, thematically linking divine concealment with national affliction.
Alternative generated candidates
- Why do you hide your face and forget our affliction and our oppression?
- Why do you hide your face? Why do you forget our humiliation and our oppression?
Psa.44.26 - Details
Translation
Original Text
Morphology
- כי: CONJ
- שחה: VERB,qal,perf,3,f,sg
- לעפר: PREP+NOUN,m,sg,abs
- נפשנו: NOUN,f,sg,prsuf_1pl
- דבקה: VERB,qal,perf,3,f,sg
- לארץ: PREP+NOUN,f,sg,abs
- בטננו: PREP+NOUN,f,sg,abs+poss:1,pl
Parallels
- Ps.119:25 (verbal): Almost identical wording — “My soul cleaveth unto the dust; quicken me according to thy word” — a direct verbal parallel and shared cry for revival from lowliness.
- Ps.22:15 (verbal): Uses the same verb/image of ‘cleaving’ in bodily distress and joins that with being brought low to the dust (’brought me into the dust of death’), echoing physical/deep humiliation.
- Ps.88:3 (thematic): Speaks of the soul’s extreme distress and nearness to death/Sheol (‘my life draweth nigh unto the grave’), thematically paralleling a soul pressed down to the dust and seeking deliverance.
- Ps.130:1 (thematic): ‘Out of the depths I cry unto thee’ shares the motif of crying from the depths/low place and appealing to God for help, as in the plea implicit in the dust‑image for revival.
Alternative generated candidates
- For our soul sinks down to the dust; our belly clings to the ground.
- For our soul is bowed down to the dust; our belly cleaves to the earth.
For the leader; a Maskil of the sons of Korah.
O God, we have heard with our ears; our fathers have told us the work you performed in their days, in the days of old.
You drove out the nations by your hand; you planted them; you crushed the peoples and cast them out.
For not by their sword did they inherit the land, nor did their arm save them, but your right hand, your arm, and the light of your face—because you delighted in them.
You are my King, O God; command salvation for Jacob.
By you we push down our foes; in your name we trample those who rise against us.
Not in my bow do I trust, nor does my sword save me.
You gave us salvation from our adversaries and put to shame those who hate us.
In God we glory all day long, and we will praise your name forever. Selah.
Yet you have cast us off and put us to shame; you do not go out with our armies.
You make us turn back before the foe, and those who hate us plunder us.
You give us up like sheep for food and scatter us among the nations.
You sell your people for nothing and make no profit from their price.
You make us a reproach to our neighbors, a scoffing and derision to those around us.
You make us a byword among the nations, a shaking of the head among the peoples.
Every day my reproach is before me, and shame covers my face.
From the voice of the scoffer and reviler, from the presence of the enemy and avenger.
All this has come upon us, yet we have not forgotten you, nor have we broken your covenant.
Our heart has not turned back, nor have our steps departed from your way.
Yet you have crushed us and made us a haunt of jackals; you cover us with deep gloom.
If we have forgotten the name of our God, and spread out our hands to a foreign god,
would not God search this out? For he knows the secrets of the heart.
For on your account we are killed all the day; we are regarded as sheep for the slaughter.
Arise—why do you sleep, O Lord? Awake; do not cast us off forever.
Why do you hide your face and forget our affliction and our oppression?
For our soul sinks low to the dust; our belly clings to the ground.