Paul and the Jerusalem Apostles Confirm the Gospel
Galatians 2:1-10
Gal.2.1 - Details
Translation
Original Text
Morphology
- Επειτα: ADV
- δια: PREP
- δεκατεσσαρων: NUM,gen,pl,n
- ετων: NOUN,gen,pl,n
- παλιν: ADV
- ανεβην: VERB,aor,act,ind,1,sg
- εις: PREP
- Ιεροσολυμα: NOUN,acc,pl,n
- μετα: PREP
- Βαρναβα: NOUN,gen,sg,m
- συμπαραλαβων: VERB,part,aor,act,nom,sg,m
- και: CONJ
- Τιτον·: NOUN,acc,sg,m
Parallels
- Acts 15:2 (structural): Acts recounts Paul and Barnabas going up to Jerusalem to consult the apostles about the Gentile circumcision question—directly parallels Paul’s report of the trip in Gal. 2:1–2.
- Acts 15:4 (thematic): Acts notes that Barnabas and Paul were sent on their way by the church and received by the apostles and elders in Jerusalem, matching Gal. 2:1’s mention of Paul’s journey with Barnabas (and Titus) to Jerusalem.
- Galatians 1:18 (verbal): Paul earlier states that after three years he went up to Jerusalem (Ibrahim), providing the earlier chronology that Gal. 2:1 completes by specifying a later visit fourteen years after.
- Galatians 2:3 (thematic): Immediately following Gal. 2:1 Paul explains that Titus was not compelled to be circumcised—connecting the purpose and controversy of this Jerusalem visit (the Gentile circumcision issue) to the events described in Gal. 2:1.
Alternative generated candidates
- Then after fourteen years I went up again to Jerusalem with Barnabas, taking Titus also with me.
- Then after fourteen years I went up again to Jerusalem with Barnabas, and I took Titus with me.
Gal.2.2 - Details
Translation
Original Text
Morphology
- ανεβην: VERB,aor,act,ind,1,sg
- δε: CONJ
- κατα: PREP
- αποκαλυψιν·και: NOUN,acc,sg,f
- ανεθεμην: VERB,aor,mid,ind,1,sg
- αυτοις: PRO,dat,pl,3
- το: ART,acc,sg,n
- ευαγγελιον: NOUN,acc,sg,n
- ο: ART,nom,sg,m
- κηρυσσω: VERB,pres,act,ind,1,sg
- εν: PREP
- τοις: ART,dat,pl,n
- εθνεσιν: NOUN,dat,pl,n
- κατ᾽ιδιαν: ADV
- δε: CONJ
- τοις: ART,dat,pl,n
- δοκουσιν: PART,pres,act,dat,pl,m
- μη: PART
- πως: ADV
- εις: PREP
- κενον: ADJ,acc,sg,m
- τρεχω: VERB,pres,act,ind,1,sg
- η: ART,nom,sg,f
- εδραμον: VERB,aor,act,ind,1,sg
Parallels
- Galatians 1:11-12 (verbal): Paul insists his gospel is received 'not from man nor taught by man but by revelation of Jesus Christ,' echoing Gal. 2:2's 'I went up by revelation.'
- Acts 15:2 (structural): Describes the dispute that led to the Jerusalem assembly—background context for Paul's visit and presentation of his Gentile gospel in Gal. 2:2.
- Acts 15:22-29 (structural): The Jerusalem council's letter and decisions acknowledge the apostles' judgment about Gentile believers and reflect the outcome and recognition related to Paul's message to the Gentiles.
- Galatians 2:7-9 (verbal): Immediate parallel within Galatians: Paul explains that the apostles 'gave the right hand of fellowship' and recognized his mission to the Gentiles, expanding on his 'presentation' in 2:2.
- Romans 15:20 (thematic): Paul states his ambition is to preach where Christ has not been named, aligning with Gal. 2:2's emphasis on his gospel ministry to the nations and concern about running (ministering) in vain.
Alternative generated candidates
- I went up because of a revelation, and I laid before them the gospel I proclaim among the Gentiles—though privately to those esteemed—so that I might not be running or had not run in vain.
- I went up because of a revelation, and I laid before them the gospel that I proclaim among the Gentiles—privately to those of reputation—lest I might be running, or had run, in vain.
Gal.2.3 - Details
Translation
Original Text
Morphology
- αλλ᾽ουδε: CONJ
- Τιτος: NOUN,nom,sg,m
- ο: ART,nom,sg,m
- συν: PREP
- εμοι: PRON,dat,sg,1
- Ελλην: NOUN,nom,sg,m
- ων: PRON,gen,pl,m
- ηναγκασθη: VERB,aor,pass,ind,3,sg
- περιτμηθηναι·: VERB,aor,pass,inf
Parallels
- Acts 15:5 (thematic): Some believers (Pharisee party) insisted that Gentiles must be circumcised—parallels the pressure Paul faced regarding Titus.
- Acts 15:19-21 (structural): The Jerusalem council's ruling that Gentiles should not be burdened with circumcision directly corresponds to Paul's practice of leaving Titus uncircumcised.
- Galatians 5:2-3 (verbal): Paul's warning that accepting circumcision makes Christ of no benefit echoes his opposition to compelling Titus to be circumcised.
- Galatians 6:12 (verbal): Paul critiques those who 'compel you to be circumcised' for outward approval—same opponents and tactic implied in Gal 2:3.
- Romans 2:28-29 (thematic): The argument that true circumcision is of the heart not the letter supplies the theological rationale for not enforcing physical circumcision on Titus.
Alternative generated candidates
- But not even Titus, who was with me, though he was a Greek, was compelled to be circumcised.
- Yet not even Titus, who was with me and was a Greek, was compelled to be circumcised.
Gal.2.4 - Details
Translation
Original Text
Morphology
- δια: PREP
- δε: CONJ
- τους: ART,acc,pl,m
- παρεισακτους: ADJ,acc,pl,m
- ψευδαδελφους: NOUN,acc,pl,m
- οιτινες: PRO,rel,nom,pl,m
- παρεισηλθον: VERB,aor,act,ind,3,pl
- κατασκοπησαι: VERB,aor,act,inf
- την: ART,acc,sg,f
- ελευθεριαν: NOUN,acc,sg,f
- ημων: PRON,gen,pl,1
- ην: VERB,impf,act,ind,3,sg
- εχομεν: VERB,pres,act,ind,1,pl
- εν: PREP
- Χριστω: NOUN,dat,sg,m
- Ιησου: NOUN,gen,sg,m
- ινα: CONJ
- ημας: PRON,acc,pl,1
- καταδουλωσουσιν: VERB,fut,act,ind,3,pl
Parallels
- Galatians 5:1 (thematic): Uses the same contrast of 'liberty' in Christ and the danger of being brought back into 'bondage'—echoes Paul's concern that outside teachers would enslave believers.
- Colossians 2:8 (thematic): Warning against deceptive teaching ('philosophy' and human tradition) that takes people captive—parallels the idea of false instructors bringing believers into spiritual bondage.
- 2 Corinthians 11:13-15 (verbal): Speaks of 'false apostles' and deceitful workers who disguise themselves—parallels Gal. 2:4's 'false brothers' secretly brought in to subvert the church.
- Acts 20:29-30 (thematic): Paul warns that 'savage wolves' and men from within will arise to draw disciples away—parallels the imagery of covert infiltration and internal threat to the community's freedom.
- 2 Peter 2:1 (thematic): Speaks of false teachers who 'secretly bring in destructive heresies'—closely parallels Gal. 2:4's language of secretly introduced false brothers who undermine the gospel.
Alternative generated candidates
- This was because of the false brothers secretly brought in, who slipped in to spy out our freedom that we have in Christ Jesus, in order to bring us into bondage.
- But because of the false brothers secretly brought in—those who crept in to spy on the liberty we have in Christ Jesus, that they might bring us into bondage—
Gal.2.5 - Details
Translation
Original Text
Morphology
- οις: PRON,dat,pl,m
- ουδε: CONJ,neg
- προς: PREP
- ωραν: NOUN,acc,sg,f
- ειξαμεν: VERB,aor,act,ind,1,pl
- τη: ART,dat,sg,f
- υποταγη: NOUN,dat,sg,f
- ινα: CONJ
- η: ART,nom,sg,f
- αληθεια: NOUN,nom,sg,f
- του: ART,gen,sg,n
- ευαγγελιου: NOUN,gen,sg,n
- διαμεινη: VERB,pres,act,sub,3,sg
- προς: PREP
- υμας: PRON,acc,pl,2
Parallels
- Acts 15:1 (thematic): Introduces the problem of certain men insisting on circumcision—same pressure Paul resisted so that the gospel's truth would remain.
- Acts 15:19-29 (structural): The Jerusalem Council's decision not to impose the law on Gentiles parallels Paul's refusal to submit, both preserving the integrity of the gospel for Gentile believers.
- Galatians 2:4 (structural): Immediate context: 'false brethren' secretly brought in to spy out their freedom—explains why Paul would not yield even for an hour.
- Galatians 1:6-9 (verbal): Paul's denunciation of turning to a 'different gospel' echoes the concern in 2:5 for the truth of the gospel to remain unimpaired.
- Galatians 5:2-4 (thematic): Warns that accepting circumcision binds one to the law and severs one from Christ—reflects the same refusal to submit that preserves gospel freedom and truth.
Alternative generated candidates
- To them we did not yield in submission, not for an hour, so that the truth of the gospel might remain with you.
- to them we did not yield in subjection, not for an hour, so that the truth of the gospel might remain with you.
Gal.2.6 - Details
Translation
Original Text
Morphology
- απο: PREP
- δε: CONJ
- των: ART,gen,pl,m
- δοκουντων: PART,pres,act,gen,pl,masc
- ειναι: VERB,pres,act,inf
- τι: PRON,int,nom,sg,n
- οποιοι: PRON,nom,pl,masc
- ποτε: ADV
- ησαν: VERB,impf,act,ind,3,pl
- ουδεν: PRON,acc,sg,n
- μοι: PRON,dat,sg,1
- διαφερει·προσωπον: VERB,pres,act,ind,3,sg
- θεος: NOUN,nom,sg,m
- ανθρωπου: NOUN,gen,sg,m
- ου: PART,neg
- λαμβανει: VERB,pres,act,ind,3,sg
- εμοι: PRON,dat,sg,1
- γαρ: PART
- οι: ART,nom,pl,m
- δοκουντες: VERB,pres,act,part,nom,m,pl
- ουδεν: PRON,acc,sg,n
- προσανεθεντο: VERB,aor,pass,ind,3,pl
Parallels
- Acts 10:34 (verbal): Peter's declaration that 'God shows no partiality' (ὁ θεὸς οὐ λαμβάνει προσωποληψίαν) echoes the exact claim in Gal. 2:6 about God taking no man's person.
- Romans 2:11 (verbal): Paul's statement 'For God shows no partiality' (οὐ γάρ ἐστιν προσωποληψία παρὰ τῷ θεῷ) repeats the theological assertion of divine impartiality found in Gal. 2:6.
- James 2:1 (thematic): James warns against showing partiality among believers; thematically related to Gal. 2:6's concern with human distinctions and God's impartial acceptance.
- Acts 15:6-11 (thematic): At the Jerusalem council Peter and the apostles argue that God accepted Gentiles without requiring the Law—paralleling Gal. 2:6's point that the recognized leaders added nothing or made no distinction in acceptance.
- Galatians 1:11-12 (structural): Paul's claim that his gospel came by revelation, not from human authorities ('I did not receive it from man'), connects structurally to Gal. 2:6's insistence that the Jerusalem leaders 'added nothing' to his message or mission.
Alternative generated candidates
- And from those who were of reputation—whatever they were makes no difference to me; God shows no partiality—those reputed as pillars added nothing to me.
- As for those who were esteemed—whatever they once were, it makes no difference to me; God shows no partiality—those men added nothing to me.
Gal.2.7 - Details
Translation
Original Text
Morphology
- αλλα: CONJ
- τουναντιον: ADV
- ιδοντες: VERB,aor,act,ptc,nom,pl,m
- οτι: CONJ
- πεπιστευμαι: VERB,perf,mid,ind,1,sg
- το: ART,acc,sg,n
- ευαγγελιον: NOUN,acc,sg,n
- της: ART,gen,sg,f
- ακροβυστιας: NOUN,gen,sg,f
- καθως: CONJ
- Πετρος: NOUN,nom,sg,m
- της: ART,gen,sg,f
- περιτομης: NOUN,gen,sg,f
Parallels
- Galatians 2:8 (structural): Immediate continuation: Paul states that God gave Peter the apostleship to the circumcised and gave him the apostleship to the Gentiles, making explicit the distinction mentioned in 2:7.
- Acts 15:14-18 (thematic): At the Jerusalem Council James affirms that God has always taken a people for his name from the Gentiles — reflects the recognition of a distinct mission to Gentiles parallel to Peter's mission to Jews.
- Romans 15:16-18 (thematic): Paul describes his ministry to the Gentiles as a priestly service to bring them to obedience of faith, echoing his role as bearer of the gospel to the uncircumcised.
- Acts 9:15 (allusion): The Lord tells Ananias that Paul is a chosen instrument to carry God's name to the Gentiles and kings — an early statement of Paul's Gentile mission that parallels Gal. 2:7.
- Ephesians 3:8-9 (verbal): Paul calls himself the least of the saints given the grace to preach the unsearchable riches of Christ to the Gentiles, using similar language about being entrusted with the gospel for Gentiles.
Alternative generated candidates
- On the contrary, when they saw that I had been entrusted with the gospel for the uncircumcised, just as Peter (Cephas) had been for the circumcised,
- On the contrary, when they saw that I had been entrusted with the gospel to the uncircumcised, just as Cephas had been entrusted with the gospel to the circumcised,
Gal.2.8 - Details
Translation
Original Text
Morphology
- ο: ART,nom,sg,m
- γαρ: PART
- ενεργησας: VERB,aor,act,part,nom,sg,m
- Πετρω: NOUN,dat,sg,m
- εις: PREP
- αποστολην: NOUN,acc,sg,f
- της: ART,gen,sg,f
- περιτομης: NOUN,gen,sg,f
- ενηργησεν: VERB,aor,act,ind,3,sg
- και: CONJ
- εμοι: PRON,dat,sg,1
- εις: PREP
- τα: ART,acc,pl,n
- εθνη: NOUN,acc,pl,neut
Parallels
- Acts 9:15 (allusion): God’s commissioning of Saul/Paul as a chosen instrument to bear his name to the Gentiles parallels Paul’s claim that God enabled him for mission to the Gentiles.
- Romans 11:13 (verbal): Paul’s self-designation as ‘apostle to the Gentiles’ echoes Galatians’ assertion that God worked in Paul for the Gentile mission.
- 1 Corinthians 9:20-22 (thematic): Paul describes his adaptive ministry to Jews and Gentiles, reflecting the distinct spheres of mission (to the circumcised vs. to the Gentiles) indicated in Galatians 2:8.
- Acts 10:34-35 (thematic): Peter’s realization that God shows no partiality and accepts Gentiles (Cornelius) demonstrates that God worked through Peter in relation to Gentiles as well, tying into the discussion of apostolic spheres.
- Acts 15:7 (structural): At the Jerusalem council Peter recounts how God made a choice among the apostles and spoke to him, supporting the narrative that God worked through apostles in distinct ways—an interlocution comparable to Paul’s point in Galatians 2:8.
Alternative generated candidates
- for he who worked in Peter for the apostleship to the circumcised also worked in me for the Gentiles,
- (for the one who worked in Cephas for his apostleship to the circumcised worked also in me for mine to the Gentiles),
Gal.2.9 - Details
Translation
Original Text
Morphology
- και: CONJ
- γνοντες: PART,aor,act,nom,pl,m
- την: ART,acc,sg,f
- χαριν: NOUN,acc,sg,f
- την: ART,acc,sg,f
- δοθεισαν: VERB,aor,pass,part,acc,sg,f
- μοι: PRON,dat,sg,1
- Ιακωβος: NOUN,nom,sg,m
- και: CONJ
- Κηφας: NOUN,nom,sg,m
- και: CONJ
- Ιωαννης: NOUN,nom,sg,m
- οι: ART,nom,pl,m
- δοκουντες: VERB,pres,act,part,nom,m,pl
- στυλοι: NOUN,nom,pl,m
- ειναι: VERB,pres,act,inf
- δεξιας: ADJ,acc,pl,f
- εδωκαν: VERB,aor,act,ind,3,pl
- εμοι: PRON,dat,sg,1
- και: CONJ
- Βαρναβα: NOUN,dat,sg,m
- κοινωνιας: NOUN,gen,sg,f
- ινα: CONJ
- ημεις: PRON,nom,pl,1
- εις: PREP
- τα: ART,acc,pl,n
- εθνη: NOUN,acc,pl,neut
- αυτοι: PRON,nom,pl,3
- δε: CONJ
- εις: PREP
- την: ART,acc,sg,f
- περιτομην·: NOUN,acc,sg,f
Parallels
- Galatians 2:7-8 (verbal): Immediate parallel in the same argument: Paul states that the apostles recognized the grace given to him and that Peter was to the circumcision while Paul was to the Gentiles—this directly undergirds the division of mission described in 2:9.
- Galatians 1:18-19 (structural): Paul's earlier visit to Jerusalem where he met Cephas (Peter) and James identifies these leaders and supports their characterization as the 'pillars' mentioned in 2:9.
- Acts 15:19 (thematic): At the Jerusalem Council James rules that Gentile believers should not be troubled with circumcision—this outcome reflects and explains the apostolic recognition of distinct missions to Gentiles versus the circumcision in Gal 2:9.
- Acts 9:27 (thematic): Barnabas' introduction of Paul to the apostles in Jerusalem demonstrates the process of acceptance and fellowship among the leaders, corresponding to the 'right hand of fellowship' given to Paul and Barnabas in Gal 2:9.
Alternative generated candidates
- and when James, Cephas, and John, who were regarded as pillars, perceived the grace given to me, they extended to Barnabas and me the right hand of fellowship, that we should go to the Gentiles and they to the circumcised.
- and when James and Cephas and John, who were thought to be pillars, perceived the grace given to me, they gave to Barnabas and me the right hand of fellowship, that we should go to the Gentiles and they to the circumcised.
Gal.2.10 - Details
Translation
Original Text
Morphology
- μονον: ADV
- των: ART,gen,pl,m
- πτωχων: NOUN,gen,pl,m
- ινα: CONJ
- μνημονευωμεν: VERB,pres,act,subj,1,pl
- ο: ART,nom,sg,m
- και: CONJ
- εσπουδασα: VERB,aor,act,ind,1,sg
- αυτο: PRON,acc,sg,neut
- τουτο: PRON,nom,sg,n
- ποιησαι: VERB,aor,act,inf
Parallels
- Acts 11:29-30 (thematic): Describes the early church's collection to send relief to the suffering in Judea—parallel to Paul's emphasis on remembering and caring for the poor among the Jerusalem believers.
- Romans 15:25-27 (verbal): Paul explains his travel to Jerusalem to carry a contribution from the Gentile churches for the poor among the saints, echoing Galatians' concern that 'the poor' be remembered.
- 1 Corinthians 16:1-3 (structural): Gives practical instructions for a periodic collection for the saints to be gathered and delivered—parallels Gal. 2:10's focus on organizing and ensuring support for the poor.
- 2 Corinthians 8:1-5 (thematic): Paul commends the Macedonian churches' generosity and eagerness to give despite poverty; mirrors Galatians' note that he was zealous to remember and aid the poor.
Alternative generated candidates
- They only asked us to remember the poor—the very thing I was eager to do.
- They only asked us to remember the poor—the very thing I was eager to do.
Then after fourteen years I went up again to Jerusalem with Barnabas, and I took Titus along also.
I went up because of a revelation, and I laid before them the gospel that I proclaim among the Gentiles—privately to those of reputation—lest I might be running, or had run, in vain. But not even Titus, who was with me—a Greek—was compelled to be circumcised. But because of false brothers secretly brought in—who had slipped in to spy on the freedom we have in Christ Jesus, that they might bring us into bondage—
we did not yield in subjection to them, not even for an hour, so that the truth of the gospel would remain with you. But as for those who were of reputation—whatever they were makes no difference to me; God shows no partiality—those so esteemed contributed nothing to me.
On the contrary, when they saw that I had been entrusted with the gospel to the uncircumcised, even as Peter to the circumcised,
for the One who worked through Peter for the apostleship to the circumcised also worked through me toward the Gentiles—
and when James, Cephas, and John, who were regarded as pillars, perceived the grace given to me, they gave Barnabas and me the right hand of fellowship, that we should go to the Gentiles and they to the circumcised.
Only they asked us to remember the poor; this very thing I was eager to do.